Neurons are highly specialized cells with polarized cellular processes and subcellular domains. As vital organelles for neuronal functions, mitochondria are distributed by microtubule-based transport ...systems. Although the essential components of mitochondrial transport including motors and cargo adaptors are identified, it is less clear how mitochondrial distribution among somato-dendritic and axonal compartment is regulated. Here, we systematically study mitochondrial motors, including four kinesins, KIF5, KIF17, KIF1, KLP-6, and dynein, and transport regulators in C. elegans PVD neurons. Among all these motors, we found that mitochondrial export from soma to neurites is mainly mediated by KIF5/UNC-116. Interestingly, UNC-116 is especially important for axonal mitochondria, while dynein removes mitochondria from all plus-end dendrites and the axon. We surprisingly found one mitochondrial transport regulator for minus-end dendritic compartment, TRAK-1, and two mitochondrial transport regulators for axonal compartment, CRMP/UNC-33 and JIP3/UNC-16. While JIP3/UNC-16 suppresses axonal mitochondria, CRMP/UNC-33 is critical for axonal mitochondria; nearly no axonal mitochondria present in unc-33 mutants. We showed that UNC-33 is essential for organizing the population of UNC-116-associated microtubule bundles, which are tracks for mitochondrial trafficking. Disarrangement of these tracks impedes mitochondrial transport to the axon. In summary, we identified a compartment-specific transport regulation of mitochondria by UNC-33 through organizing microtubule tracks for different kinesin motors other than microtubule polarity.
Graphene oxide-based materials (GOBMs) have been widely explored as nano-reinforcements in cementitious composites due to their unique properties. Oxygen-containing functional groups in GOBMs are ...crucial for enhancing the microstructure of cementitious composites. A better comprehension of their surface chemistry and mechanisms is required to advance the potential applications in cementitious composites of functionalized GOBMs. However, the mechanism by which the oxygen-containing functional groups enhance the response of cementitious composites is still unclear, and controlling the surface chemistry of GOBMs is currently constrained. This review aims to investigate the reactions and mechanisms for functionalized GOBMs as additives incorporated in cement composites. A variety of GOBMs, including graphene oxide (GO), hydroxylated graphene (HO-G), edge-carboxylated graphene (ECG), edge-oxidized graphene oxide (EOGO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), and GO/silane composite, are discussed with regard to their oxygen functional groups and interactions with the cement microstructure. This review provides insight into the potential benefits of using GOBMs as nano-reinforcements in cementitious composites. A better understanding of the surface chemistry and mechanisms of GOBMs will enable the development of more effective functionalization strategies and open up new possibilities for the design of high-performance cementitious composites.
We previously presented the YM500 database, which contains >8000 small RNA sequencing (smRNA-seq) data sets and integrated analysis results for various cancer miRNome studies. In the updated YM500v3 ...database (http://ngs.ym.edu.tw/ym500/) presented herein, we not only focus on miRNAs but also on other functional small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs), such as PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), tRNA-derived fragments (tRFs), small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) and small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs). There is growing knowledge of the role of sncRNAs in gene regulation and tumorigenesis. We have also incorporated >10 000 cancer-related RNA-seq and >3000 more smRNA-seq data sets into the YM500v3 database. Furthermore, there are two main new sections, 'Survival' and 'Cancer', in this updated version. The 'Survival' section provides the survival analysis results in all cancer types or in a user-defined group of samples for a specific sncRNA. The 'Cancer' section provides the results of differential expression analyses, miRNA-gene interactions and cancer miRNA-related pathways. In the 'Expression' section, sncRNA expression profiles across cancer and sample types are newly provided. Cancer-related sncRNAs hold potential for both biotech applications and basic research.
Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is a treatment modality for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. Dextrose is a common osmotic agent used in PD solutions and its absorption may exacerbate diabetes ...mellitus, a common complication of ESRD. PD solutions also contain glucose degradation products (GDPs) that may lead to encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis (EPS), a severe complication of PD. A previous study showed that far-infrared (FIR) therapy improved a patient's gastrointestinal symptoms due to EPS. Due to limited literature on the matter, this study aims to investigate dialysate GDPs and peritoneal function in diabetic patients on PD. Thirty-one PD patients were enrolled and underwent 40 min of FIR therapy twice daily for six months. We demonstrated the effect of FIR therapy on the following: (1) decrease of methylglyoxal
= 0.02), furfural (
= 0.005), and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (
= 0.03), (2) increase of D/D0 glucose ratio (
= 0.03), and (3) decrease of potassium levels (
= 0.008) in both DM and non-DM patients, as well as (4) maintenance and increase of peritoneal Kt/V in DM and non-DM patients, respectively (
= 0.03). FIR therapy is a non-invasive intervention that can decrease dialysate GDPs in PD patients by improving peritoneal transport rate and solute removal clearance, while also maintaining dialysis adequacy.
Obesity and regional adiposity are important risk factors for cardiometabolic disorders. The aim of this study is to compare 7-site skinfold (SF) measurement to dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) ...as the reference method for estimating body fat percentage (BF%) and regional adiposity in diabetic outpatients. A total of 59 diabetic patients (36 females and 23 males) aged 28.5-78 years (median 67.7 years) with BMI 18.8-40.6 kg/m.sup.2 (median: 25.5 kg/m.sup.2) were enrolled. 7-site skinfold measurement and DXA were performed at the same visit day and biochemistry data were collected. Our results demonstrate the BF% calculated via Jackson Pollock 7-site skinfold equation presents a strong correlation (r = 0.672, p 0.001 in females; r = 0.885, p 0.001 in males) with that measured by DXA, but the means of BF% between these two methods are significantly different in both sexes (paired t-test, p 0.001). The Bland-Altman analysis showed the mean differences (DXA-SF) of BF% were positive for female (8.74%) and male (7.22%), suggesting Jackson Pollock 7-site skinfold equation tends to underestimate the BF%. Besides, regional SF thicknesses of 7-site skinfold measurement were significantly correlated with the matched regional adiposity quantified by DXA. Furthermore, truncal and android SF thicknesses were notably positively correlated with several cardiometabolic risk factors in gender-specific manner. Our data indicate the 7-site skinfold measurement is not an interchangeable method for precisely measuring BF%, but might be practical for evaluating the cardiometabolic risks in Taiwanese diabetic outpatients.
Developing efficient and durable bifunctional electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction and evolution reaction (ORR/OER) is highly desirable in energy conversion and storage systems. This study prepares ...nickel–ruthenium layered double hydroxide (NiRu-LDHs) nanosheets subjected to decoration with conductive silver nanoparticles (Ag NP/NiRu-LDHs), which interestingly induce their multivacancies associated with catalytic site activity and populations. The as-prepared Ag NP/NiRu-LDH shows excellent catalytic activity toward both OER and ORR features with low onset overpotentials of 0.21 V and −0.27 V, respectively, with a 0.76 V potential gap between OER potential at 10 mA cm–2 and ORR potential at −3 mA cm–2, demonstrating that it is the preeminent bifunctional electrocatalyst reported to date. Compared with pristine NiRu-LDHs, the resulting Ag NP/NiRu-LDHs nanosheets require only an overpotential of 0.31 V to deliver 10 mA cm–2 with excellent durability. The superb bifunctional performance of Ag NP/NiRu-LDH is ascribed to the formation of multivacancies, mutual benefits of synergistic effect between metal LDHs and silver nanoparticles, and increased accessible active sites together with site activity are the key to the perceived performance. This work provides a new strategy to decorate LDHs and to engineer multivacancies to enhance site activity and populations simultaneously as ORR/OER bifunctional electrocatalysts.
TIAM2S, the short form of human T‐cell lymphoma invasion and metastasis 2, can have oncogenic effects when aberrantly expressed in the liver or lungs. However, it is also abundant in healthy, ...non‐neoplastic brain tissue, in which its primary function is still unknown. Here, we examined the neurobiological and behavioral significance of human TIAM2S using the human brain protein panels, a human NT2/D1‐derived neuronal cell line model (NT2/N), and transgenic mice that overexpress human TIAM2S (TIAM2S‐TG). Our data reveal that TIAM2S exists primarily in neurons of the restricted brain areas around the limbic system and in well‐differentiated NT2/N cells. Functional studies revealed that TIAM2S has no guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) activity and is mainly located in the nucleus. Furthermore, whole‐transcriptome and enrichment analysis with total RNA sequencing revealed that TIAM2S‐knockdown (TIAM2S‐KD) was strongly associated with the cellular processes of the brain structural development and differentiation, serotonin‐related signaling, and the diseases markers representing neurobehavioral developmental disorders. Moreover, TIAM2S‐KD cells display decreased neurite outgrowth and reduced serotonin levels. Moreover, TIAM2S overexpressing TG mice show increased number and length of serotonergic fibers at early postnatal stage, results in higher serotonin levels at both the serum and brain regions, and higher neuroplasticity and hyperlocomotion in latter adulthood. Taken together, our results illustrate the non‐oncogenic functions of human TIAM2S and demonstrate that TIAM2S is a novel regulator of serotonin level, brain neuroplasticity, and locomotion behavior.
Chemodynamic therapy (CDT) uses the Fenton or Fenton-like reaction to yield toxic ‧OH following H
O
→ ‧OH for tumoral therapy. Unfortunately, H
O
is often taken from the limited endogenous supply of ...H
O
in cancer cells. A water oxidation CoFe Prussian blue (CFPB) nanoframes is presented to provide sustained, external energy-free self-supply of ‧OH from H
O to process CDT and/or photothermal therapy (PTT). Unexpectedly, the as-prepared CFPB nanocubes with no near-infrared (NIR) absorption is transformed into CFPB nanoframes with NIR absorption due to the increased Fe
-N ≡ C-Fe
composition through the proposed proton-induced metal replacement reactions. Surprisingly, both the CFPB nanocubes and nanoframes provide for the self-supply of O
, H
O
and ‧OH from H
O, with the nanoframe outperforming in the production of ‧OH. Simulation analysis indicates separated active sites in catalyzation of water oxidation, oxygen reduction, and Fenton-like reactions from CFPB. The liposome-covered CFPB nanoframes prepared for controllable water-driven CDT for male tumoral mice treatments.
Abstract
Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have a higher risk of vascular complications. This retrospective cohort study aimed to analyze the differences in the risk of arteriovenous ...fistula or graft (AVF/AVG) dysfunction in hemodialysis patients with and without SLE from Taiwan’s National Health Insurance Database over a 10-year period. AVF/AVG dysfunction is defined as the occurrence of the first episode of intervention after vascular access creation. A total of 1366 HD patients with SLE had higher incidence rates of AVF/AVG dysfunction than 4098 non-SLE HD patients in the following 4 periods: (1) after 1 year (incidence rates = 15.21% and 13.01%, respectively; subdistribution hazard ratio (SHR) = 1.16; P = 0.007), (2) 1st-to-10th-year period (15.36% and 13.25%; SHR = 1.16; P = 0.007), (3) 5th-to-10th-year period (11.91% and 8.1%; SHR = 1.42; P = 0.003), and (4) overall period (23.53% and 21.66%; SHR = 1.09; P = 0.027). In conclusion, there were significantly higher incidence rates of AVF/AVG dysfunction in SLE patients during the long-term follow-up period. Vascular access function should be monitored regularly by clinical examinations, especially after 1 year and during 5 to 10 years, to improve AVF/AVG patency and dialysis adequacy in SLE patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis.
Objective
This study aimed to compare the ability of the O-RADS and ADNEX models to classify benign or malignant adnexal lesions.
Methods
This retrospective single-center study included women who ...underwent surgery for adnexal lesions. Two gynecologists independently categorized the adnexal lesions according to the O-RADS and ADNEX models. Four additional readers were included to validate the new quick-access O-RADS flowchart.
Results
Among the 322 patients included in this study, 264 (82.0%) had a benign diagnosis, and 58 (18.0%) had a malignant diagnosis. The malignant rates of O-RADS 2, O-RADS 3, O-RADS 4, and O-RADS 5 were 0%, 3.0%, 37.7%, and 78.9%, respectively. The AUC of the O-RADS in the 322 patients was 0.93. On comparing the O-RADS and ADNEX models in the remaining 281 patients, the AUCs of the O-RADS, ADNEX model with CA125, and ADNEX model without CA125 were 0.92, 0.95, and 0.94, respectively. When setting a uniform cutoff of ≥ 10% (≥ O-RADS 4) to predict malignancy, the O-RADS had higher sensitivity than the ADNEX model (96.6% vs. 91.4%), and relatively similar specificity. In addition, the readers with the quick-access flowchart spent less time categorizing O-RADS than the readers with only the original O-RADS table (mean analysis time: 99 min 15 s vs. 111 min 55 s).
Conclusions
The O-RADS classification of the adnexal lesions as benign or malignant was comparable to that of the ADNEX model and had higher sensitivity at the 10% cutoff value. A quick-access O-RADS flowchart was helpful in O-RADS categorization and might shorten the analysis time.
Key Points
•
Both O-RADS and ADNEX models had good diagnostic performance in distinguishing adnexal malignancy, and O-RADS had higher sensitivity than ADNEX model in uniform 10% cutoff to predict malignancy.
•
Quick-access O-RADS flowchart was developed to help review O-RADS classification and might help reduce the analysis time.
PDF
