Dye wastewater consists of high solids concentrations, heavy metals, minor contaminants, dissolved chemical oxygen demand, and microorganisms. Nanoflowers are nanoparticles that resemble flowers when ...viewed at a microscopic level. Inorganic metal oxide nanoflowers have been discovered to be a potential source for overcoming this situation. Their flower-like features give them a higher surface area to volume ratio and porosity structure, which can absorb a significant amount of dye. The metal oxide nanoflower synthesized from different synthesis methods is used to compare which one is cost-effective and capable of generating a large scale of nanoflower. This review has demonstrated outstanding dye removal efficiency by applying inorganic nanoflowers to dye removal. Since both adsorption and photocatalytic reactions enhance the dye degradation process, complete dye degradation could be achieved. Meanwhile, the inorganic metal oxide nanoflowers' exemplary reusability characteristics with negligible performance drop further prove that this approach is highly sustainable and may help to save costs. This review has proven the momentum of obtaining high dye removal efficiency in wastewater treatment to conclude that the metal oxide nanoflower study is worth researching.
The extraction of antioxidant compounds from fruits wastes of
Mangifera pajang
using conventional solvent (ethanol) and deep eutectic solvent (DES) was investigated. A statistical optimization study ...was first performed to maximize the antioxidant activity from ethanol extraction, which led to a maximum antioxidant activity of 11.11 ± 0.06 mg AEAC/g. The optimized parameters were then used in the DES extraction study. Among the several formulations of DESs, the solution where choline chloride mixed with glycerol (CHCL-GLY) resulted in the highest antioxidant activity. Subsequently, the CHCL-GLY formulation was further optimized by adjusting the molar ratio of the glycerol and the water concentration in the solution. The results showed that the CHCL-GLY solution with a molar ratio of 1:2 and addition of 20% water gave the highest antioxidant activity at 11.48 ± 0.09 mg AEAC/g, slightly outperformed the extract obtained by aqueous ethanol, indicating that DESs can be an excellent solvent for extracting antioxidant compounds from plant material which lead to novel industrial applications.
This paper aims to report a sustainable novel green synthesis of MgO nanoparticles using leaves extracts of Calotropis gigantea. The average size of MgO nanoparticles obtained was 48.38 nm with the ...crystallite size of 8 nm. MgO nanoparticles were encapsulated by employing emulsion solvent evaporation. Nanoencapsulation of MgO nanoparticles using Eudragit L was found to produce particle size of 53.37 nm at higher stability. It was also observed that Eudragit L-Mgo nanoparticles had higher entrapment efficiency, drug loading and yield. Lastly, the drug release of Eudragit L-MgO nanoparticles was found to follow Fickian diffusion mechanism and fitted well with Weibull model.
The present study investigates the cytotoxicity of hexagonal MgO nanoparticles synthesized via
Amaranthus tricolor
leaf extract and spherical MgO nanoparticles synthesized via
Amaranthus blitum
and
...Andrographis paniculata
leaf extracts. In vitro cytotoxicity analysis showed that the hexagonal MgO nanoparticles synthesized from
A. tricolor
extract demonstrated the least toxicity to both diabetic and non-diabetic cells at 600 μl/ml dosage. The viability of the diabetic cells (3T3-L1) after incubation with varying dosages of MgO nanoparticles was observed to be 55.3%. The viability of normal VERO cells was 86.6% and this stabilized to about 75% even after exposure to MgO nanoparticles dosage of up to 1000 μl/ml. Colorimetric glucose assay revealed that the
A. tricolor
extract synthesized MgO nanoparticles resulted in ~ 28% insulin resistance reversal. A reduction in the expression of GLUT4 protein at 54 KDa after MgO nanopaSrticles incubation with diabetic cells was observed via western blot analysis to confirm insulin reversal ability. Fluorescence microscopic analysis with propidium iodide and acridine orange dyes showed the release of reactive oxygen species as a possible mechanism of the cytotoxic effect of MgO nanoparticles. It was inferred that the synergistic effect of the phytochemicals and MgO nanoparticles played a significant role in delivering enhanced insulin resistance reversal capability in adipose cells.
Plant-based biosynthesis is gaining attention in nanoparticle synthesis as an alternate to chemical and physical synthesis routes due to their non-toxic and environment friendly nature. Leaf ...extract-based biosynthesis further facilitates rapid synthesis of non-toxic biocompatible nanoparticle that possesses various applications in biomedical and pharmaceutical industry. Metal oxides, especially MgO nanoparticles, show tremendous applications in medical industry. Moreover, plant-based biosynthesized MgO nanoparticles showed improved biophysical and biochemical properties. In the current study, MgO nanorods (MgONRs) are synthesized using Eucalyptus globulus aqueous leaf extract. The results are highly significant as rod-shaped nanoparticles possess superior cellular penetration ability than other morphologies and can be valuable in medical applications. A preliminary experiment was performed to identify the required reaction time for nanorod formation using dynamic light scattering technique. Later, one-factor-at-a-time approach was followed to identify the effect of each process parameters on average particle size of MgONRs. The optimized parameters were used for the synthesis of smaller-sized MgONRs. Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy analysis was conducted to identify and analyze the functional groups in the leaf extract and MgONRs. The functional groups from phytochemicals and their transformation from enol to keto-form were found to be responsible for nanoparticle formation. The transmission electron microscope analysis showed that the optimized parameters yield 6-8 nm width of stacked MgONRs. Thus, the present work demonstrated a simple and rapid biosynthesis route for MgO nanorod synthesis which can be beneficial in biosensing and therapeutic application.
Five species of white rot fungi were screened for their capability to synthesize Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs). Three modes of AgNP bioreduction were developed. Pycnoporus sanguineus is found as a ...potential candidate for the synthesis of AgNPs with a yield at 98.9%. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized using UV–vis spectroscopy, DLS, FTIR, TEM, and SEM. Results showed that AgNP absorption band was located at a peak of 420nm. Both the SEM and TEM confirmed that the formation of AgNPs were mainly spherical with average diameters of 52.8–103.3nm. The signals of silver atoms' presence in the mycelium were observed by SEM-EDS spectrum.
► Pycnoporus sanguineus was found to be most capable for AgNP production compared to other screened white rot fungi. ► 98.9% yield of AgNP production was identified in the extracellular synthesis by Pycnoporus sanguineus. ► FTIR spectra confirmed that proteins from the mycelial surface are responsible for the bioreduction of AgNPs.
...bottom-up biological nanoparticles synthesis has been explored as an alternative in developing environmentally friendly nanoparticles synthesis processes. 11 Among these noble nanoparticles, ...silver nanoparticles have been shown to have strong inhibitory and bactericidal effects as well as a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activities. ...the results showed that AgNPs have great bactericidal and fungicidal activity and comparable to the other AgNPs and nano-sized silver powders produced in the market.
This paper presents a method for defining one or more virtual restricted zones within a surveillance area which is observed with stereo cameras. When an object enters a restricted zone, the system ...highlights the object shown in the monitoring screen or triggers other devices to produce a visual or auditory alarm. The proposed method works by extracting the foreground objects for both the left and the right images from their respective stereo cameras. Then it estimates the object’s position in terms of depth plane using image shifting and number of overlapping pixels. Finally, it determines whether there is a collision between objects and restricted zones in order to trigger an alarm where necessary. The algorithm has been tested with a series of stereo videos, in which samples of it are presented in this paper.
Numerous reports of vascular events after an initial recovery from COVID-19 form our impetus to investigate the impact of COVID-19 on vascular health of recovered patients. We found elevated levels ...of circulating endothelial cells (CECs), a biomarker of vascular injury, in COVID-19 convalescents compared to healthy controls. In particular, those with pre-existing conditions (e.g., hypertension, diabetes) had more pronounced endothelial activation hallmarks than non-COVID-19 patients with matched cardiovascular risk. Several proinflammatory and activated T lymphocyte-associated cytokines sustained from acute infection to recovery phase, which correlated positively with CEC measures, implicating cytokine-driven endothelial dysfunction. Notably, we found higher frequency of effector T cells in our COVID-19 convalescents compared to healthy controls. The activation markers detected on CECs mapped to counter receptors found primarily on cytotoxic CD8
T cells, raising the possibility of cytotoxic effector cells targeting activated endothelial cells. Clinical trials in preventive therapy for post-COVID-19 vascular complications may be needed.
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