Abstract
BACKGROUND
The differentiation between intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis (ICAS) and intracranial embolism as the immediate cause of acute ischemic stroke requiring endovascular therapy ...is important but challenging. In cases of ICAS, we often observe a phenomenon we call the microcatheter “first-pass effect,” which is temporary blood flow through the occluded intracranial artery when the angiographic microcatheter is initially advanced through the site of total occlusion and immediately retrieved proximally.
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate whether this microcatheter first-pass effect can be used to differentiate ICAS from intracranial embolism.
METHODS
A total of 61 patients with acute ischemic stroke resulting from large intracranial artery occlusion and in whom recanalization was achieved by endovascular treatment were included in the study. The microcatheter first-pass effect was tested in these patients. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive values (PPV), and accuracy of the microcatheter first-pass effect for prediction of ICAS were assessed.
RESULTS
The microcatheter first-pass effect was more frequently observed in patients with ICAS than in those with intracranial embolism (90.9% vs 12.8%, P < .001). For identifying ICAS, sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and accuracy of the microcatheter first-pass effect were 90.9%, 87.2%, 80.0%, 88.5%, respectively.
CONCLUSION
The sensitivity and PPV of the microcatheter first-pass effect are high for prediction of ICAS in patients with acute symptoms.
Scenedesmus obliquus belongs to green microalgae and is widely used in aquaculture as feed, which is also explored for lipid production and bioremediation. However, genomic studies of this microalga ...have been very limited. Cell self-flocculation of microalgal cells can be used as a simple and economic method for harvesting biomass, and it is of great importance to perform genome-scale studies for the self-flocculating S. obliquus strains to promote their biotechnological applications.
We employed the Pacific Biosciences sequencing platform for sequencing the genome of the self-flocculating microalga S. obliquus AS-6-11, and used the MECAT software for de novo genome assembly. The estimated genome size of S. obliquus AS-6-11 is 172.3 Mbp with an N50 of 94,410 bp, and 31,964 protein-coding genes were identified. Gene Ontology (GO) and KEGG pathway analyses revealed 65 GO terms and 428 biosynthetic pathways. Comparing to the genome sequences of the well-studied green microalgae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Chlorella variabilis, Volvox carteri and Micractinium conductrix, the genome of S. obliquus AS-6-11 encodes more unique proteins, including one gene that encodes D-mannose binding lectin. Genes encoding the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored cell wall proteins, and proteins with fasciclin domains that are commonly found in cell wall proteins might be responsible for the self-flocculating phenotype, and were analyzed in detail. Four genes encoding both GPI-anchored cell wall proteins and fasciclin domain proteins are the most interesting targets for further studies.
The genome sequence of the self-flocculating microalgal S. obliquus AS-6-11 was annotated and analyzed. To our best knowledge, this is the first report on the in-depth annotation of the S. obliquus genome, and the results will facilitate functional genomic studies and metabolic engineering of this important microalga. The comparative genomic analysis here also provides new insights into the evolution of green microalgae. Furthermore, identification of the potential genes encoding self-flocculating proteins will benefit studies on the molecular mechanism underlying this phenotype for its better control and biotechnological applications as well.
We presented an effective and universal strategy for the improvement of luminophore's solid-state emission, i.e., macrocyclization-induced emission enhancement (MIEE), by linking luminophores through ...C(sp
) bridges to give a macrocycle. Benzothiadiazole-based macrocycle (BT-LC) has been synthesized by a one-step condensation of the monomer 4,7-bis(2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (BT-M) with paraformaldehyde, catalyzed by Lewis acid. In comparison with the monomer, macrocycle BT-LC produces much more intense fluorescence in the solid state (Φ
= 99%) and exhibits better device performance in the application of OLEDs. Single-crystal analysis and theoretical simulations reveal that the monomer can return to the ground state through a minimum energy crossing point (MECP
), resulting in the decrease of fluorescence efficiency. For the macrocycle, its inherent structural rigidity prohibits this non-radiative relaxation process and promotes the radiative relaxation, therefore emitting intense fluorescence. More significantly, MIEE strategy has good universality that several macrocycles with different luminophores also display emission improvement.
Over the last decade, based on the extensive development of preclinical animal studies and clinical trials, the efficacy, and mechanisms of immunotherapy have been fully explored. Significant and ...lasting clinical responses with immunotherapy provide a new breakthrough treatment for a variety of refractory cancer histologies, which gradually change the treatment pattern of tumors. However, although immune checkpoint inhibitor drugs are promising for achieving longer-term efficacy, their benefits in the overall population are still very low, such as low frequency of response in some common tumor types such as breast and prostate, and heterogeneity in the degree of response among different tumor lesions in the same patient, making immunotherapy with many limitations and challenges. Most patients do not respond to immunotherapy or inevitably develop resistance to treatment after a period of treatment, manifesting with primary resistance or acquired resistance who initially respond to treatment. The mechanisms of tumor immune resistance are very complex and involve multiple aspects such as genes, metabolism, inflammation, and abnormal neovascularization. Currently, many mechanisms of immunotherapy resistance have been characterized, and more continue to be uncovered. These efforts can improve the quality of medical care for cancer diagnosis and treatment, which improve the quality of life of patients, and finally lead to accurate individualized treatment. This review discusses mechanisms of cancer immunotherapy resistance including tumor-intrinsic factors and tumor-extrinsic factors.
An allenylidene Au(
i
) catalyst based on triazolylidene moieties, featuring the high σ-donating ability (comparable to that of other NHC ligands) and largely enhanced π-accepting ability of its ...ligand, was developed for the first time. As compared with the extant gold complexes such as IPrAuCl, Ph
3
PAuCl and (PhO)
3
PAuCl, these allenylidene Au(
i
) catalysts exhibited superior catalytic activities in the gold-catalyzed Nazarov reaction of aryl enones.
First example of allenylidene Au(
i
) catalyst, based upon alkynyl triazole unit, was developed and utilized in Au(
i
) mediated Nazarov reaction.
Bio-particulate matter includes grains, cereal crops, and biomass that are considered discrete materials with irregular size and shape. Although the flow of these particles can behave like a ...continuum fluid at times, their discontinuous behavior cannot be simulated with traditional continuum-based modeling. The Discrete Element Method (DEM), coupled with Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), is considered a promising numerical method that can model discrete particles by tracking the motion of each particle in fluid flow. DEM has been extensively used in the field of engineering, where its application is starting to achieve the popularity in agricultural processing. While CFD has been able to simulate the complex fluid flows with a quantitative and qualitative description of the temporal and spatial change of the flow field. This paper reviews the recent strategies and the existing applications of the CFD–DEM coupling approach in aerodynamic systems of bio-particles. It mainly represents four principal aspects: the definition of aerodynamic systems with its principals, modeling of particle motion including interaction forces of particle–particle and particle–fluid in the system, CFD–DEM coupling methodologies, and drag correlation models with theoretical developments, and the applications of aerodynamic systems related to the agricultural field. The existing published literature indicates that CFD–DEM is a promising approach to study the bio-particulate matter behavior immersed in fluid flow, and it could be benefiting from developing and optimizing the device's geometry and the operations. The main findings are discussed and summarized as a part of the review, where future developments and challenges are highlighted.
Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. (Cucurbitaceae) is widely distributed in the desert areas of the world. The fruit bodies of C. colocynthis are recognized for their wide range of nutraceutical ...potential, as well as medicinal and pharmaceutical uses. The plant has been reported for various uses, such as asthma, bronchitis, cancer, colic, common cold, cough, diabetes, dysentery, and jaundice. The fruit has been extensively studied for its biological activities, which include insecticide, antitumor, and antidiabetic effects. Numerous bioactive compounds have been reported in its fruit bodies, such as essential oils, fatty acids, glycosides, alkaloids, and flavonoids. Of these, flavonoids or caffeic acid derivatives are the constituents associated with the inhibition of fungal or bacterial growth, whereas eudesmane sesquiterpenes or sesquiterpene lactones are most active against insects, mites, and nematodes. In this review, the scientific evidence for the biological activity of C. colocynthis against insecticide, cytotoxic, and antidiabetic effects is summarized.
5 A meta-analysis showed that for every 10 g/L decrease in the serum albumin concentration in critically ill patients, there was a 137% increase in in-hospital mortality, an 89% increase in the ...incidence of comorbidities, and a 72% increase in the length of hospital stay. Inappropriate use of HSA will cause adverse effects and increase medical costs inevitably, whereas guidance from clinical pharmacists or hospital standards can help reduce inappropriate HSA use by 30% and decrease medical costs without affecting patient prognosis. After discussion, the experts agreed that HSA has been widely used for fluid resuscitation and albumin supplementation in critically ill patients, but controversy persists regarding the applicable population, timing, and administration regimen. ...considering the current practices in clinical diagnosis and treatment as well as existing reports, the writing group believed that it was both necessary and possible to develop an expert consensus and provide recommendations to promote the appropriate and standardized use of HSA in critical care medicine. 8 A subgroup analysis of patients with severe sepsis revealed a decreasing trend of mortality among patients receiving HSA treatment (risk ratio RR: 0.87, 95% confidence interval CI: 0.74–1.02).
A high–resolution emission inventory of primary air pollutants of 18 cities in Henan region, as the representative of central plains of China, was developed based on the combination of bottom–up and ...top-down methods. It was found that the emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 mm or less (PM10), particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 mm or less (PM2.5), Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and ammonia (NH3) in 2016 were 780.4, 1682.9, 7152.8, 1440.3, 757.2, 1110.7, and 982.0 Gg, respectively. The emissions of the three major PM2.5 species, namely, Organic carbon (OC), Elemental carbon (EC), and sulfate (SO42−), were 161.2, 83.1, and 64.6 Gg, respectively. Stationary combustion was the largest contributor to SO2, NOx, CO, and PM2.5 emissions with 71.6%, 49.0%, 34.1%, and 24.7% contributions, respectively. Dust was the dominant source of PM10 emissions (42.4%), whereas industrial process was the largest contributor to VOCs emission (34.8%). Agricultural source contributed 87.7% of NH3 emission. The emissions were mainly distributed over the northwest and central part of Henan, and cities of Anyang, Zhengzhou, Luoyang, Pingdingshan, and Jiaozuo were the major contributors. Large NH3 emissions occurred during May to September, and high emissions of other pollutants were found from October to January. According to the Gini coefficients of per capital Gross Domestic Product (GDP) distribution among multiple air pollutants, the SO2 and NH3 emissions had high regional disparity, and the cities of Anyang and Zhengzhou had a high economic–environment inequity. Furthermore, this results were evaluated by comparing with other studies and the trend of spatiotemporal observed ambient concentration, which proves that the results are reliable. This work may benefit the government to further understand current local emission characteristics and formulation of targeted air pollution control measures.
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•The emission inventory shows that the main contribution of different pollutants and different region differed significantly.•Spatiotemporal variations and comparison of monitoring data were investigated.•The major speciation of PM2.5 emissions were organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and sulfate (SO42−).•Regional disparity and inequity of emission at city level were discussed by using Lorenz curve and Gini coefficient.
Most B cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP ALL) can be classified into known major genetic subtypes, while a substantial proportion of BCP ALL remains poorly characterized in relation to ...its underlying genomic abnormalities. We therefore initiated a large-scale international study to reanalyze and delineate the transcriptome landscape of 1,223 BCP ALL cases using RNA sequencing. Fourteen BCP ALL gene expression subgroups (G1 to G14) were identified. Apart from extending eight previously described subgroups (G1 to G8 associated with MEF2D fusions, TCF3–PBX1 fusions, ETV6–RUNX1–positive/ETV6–RUNX1–like, DUX4 fusions, ZNF384 fusions, BCR–ABL1/Ph–like, high hyperdiploidy, and KMT2A fusions), we defined six additional gene expression subgroups: G9 was associated with both PAX5 and CRLF2 fusions; G10 and G11 with mutations in PAX5 (p.P80R) and IKZF1 (p.N159Y), respectively; G12 with IGH–CEBPE fusion and mutations in ZEB2 (p.H1038R); and G13 and G14 with TCF3/4–HLF and NUTM1 fusions, respectively. In pediatric BCP ALL, subgroups G2 to G5 and G7 (51 to 65/67 chromosomes) were associated with low-risk, G7 (with ≤50 chromosomes) and G9 were intermediate-risk, whereas G1, G6, and G8 were defined as high-risk subgroups. In adult BCP ALL, G1, G2, G6, and G8 were associated with high risk, while G4, G5, and G7 had relatively favorable outcomes. This large-scale transcriptome sequence analysis of BCP ALL revealed distinct molecular subgroups that reflect discrete pathways of BCP ALL, informing disease classification and prognostic stratification. The combined results strongly advocate that RNA sequencing be introduced into the clinical diagnostic workup of BCP ALL.
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