Interaction solutions between lump and soliton are analytical exact solutions to nonlinear partial differential equations. The explicit expressions of the interaction solutions are of value for ...analysis of the interacting mechanism. We analyze the one-lump-multi-stripe and one-lump-multi-soliton solutions to nonlinear partial differential equations via Hirota bilinear forms. The one-lump-multi-stripe solutions are generated from the combined solution of quadratic functions and
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exponential functions, while the one-lump-multi-soliton solutions from the combined solution of quadratic functions and
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hyperbolic cosine functions. Within the context of the derivation of the lump solution and soliton solution, necessary and sufficient conditions are presented for the two types of interaction solutions, respectively, based on the combined solutions to the associated bilinear equations. Applications are made for a (2+1)-dimensional generalized KdV equation, the (2+1)-dimensional NNV system and the (2+1)-dimensional Ito equation.
Oncolytic viruses offer an in situ vaccination approach to activate tumor-specific T cell responses. However, the upregulation of PD-L1 expression on tumor cells and immune cells leads to tumor ...resistance to oncolytic immunotherapy. In this study, we generate an engineered oncolytic virus that coexpresses a PD-L1 inhibitor and GM-CSF. We find that the oncolytic virus is able to secrete the PD-L1 inhibitor that systemically binds and inhibits PD-L1 on tumor cells and immune cells. Importantly, the intratumoral injection with the oncolytic virus overcomes PD-L1-mediated immunosuppression during both the priming and effector phases, provokes systemic T cell responses against dominant and subdominant neoantigen epitopes derived from mutations, and leads to an effective rejection of both virus-injected and distant tumors. In summary, this engineered oncolytic virus is able to activate tumor neoantigen-specific T cell responses, providing a potent, individual tumor-specific oncolytic immunotherapy for cancer patients, especially those resistant to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade therapy.
In recent years, a new large family of two dimensional transition metal carbides, carbonitrides, and nitrides, so-called MXenes, have grabbed considerable attention, owing to their many fascinating ...physical and chemical properties that are closely related to the rich diversity of their elemental compositions and surface terminations. In particular, it is easy for MXenes to form composites with other materials such as polymers, oxides, and carbon nanotubes, which further provides an effective way to tune the properties of MXenes for various applications. Not only have MXenes and MXene-based composites come into prominence as electrode materials in the energy storage field as is widely known, but they have also shown great potential in environment-related applications including electro/photocatalytic water splitting, photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide, water purification and sensors, thanks to their high conductivity, reducibility and biocompatibility. In this review, we summarize the synthesis and properties of MXenes and MXene-based composites and highlight their recent advances in environment-related applications. Challenges and perspectives for future research are also outlined.
This review highlights recent advances of MXenes and their composites in the environment-related applications including catalysis, water purification and sensors.
Polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (PolSAR) image classification is an important application. Advanced deep learning techniques represented by deep convolutional neural network (CNN) have been ...utilized to enhance the classification performance. One current challenge is how to adapt deep CNN classifier for PolSAR classification with limited training samples, while keeping good generalization performance. This letter attempts to contribute to this problem. The core idea is to incorporate expert knowledge of target scattering mechanism interpretation and polarimetric feature mining to assist deep CNN classifier training and improve the final classification performance. A polarimetric-feature-driven deep CNN classification scheme is established. Both classical roll-invariant polarimetric features and hidden polarimetric features in the rotation domain are used to drive the proposed deep CNN model. Comparison studies validate the efficiency and superiority of the proposal. For the benchmark AIRSAR data, the proposed method achieves the state-of-the-art classification accuracy. Meanwhile, the convergence speed from the proposed polarimetric-feature-driven CNN approach is about 2.3 times faster than the normal CNN method. For multitemporal UAVSAR data sets, the proposed scheme achieves comparably high classification accuracy as the normal CNN method for train-used temporal data, while for train-not-used data it obtains an average of 4.86% higher overall accuracy than the normal CNN method. Furthermore, the proposed strategy can also produce very promising classification accuracy even with very limited training samples.
Speckle filtering of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image is a necessary pre-processing for many subsequent applications. The challenge lies in how to adaptively select a sufficient number of similar ...pixels for an unbiased estimator generation. A novel SAR speckle filter is proposed and the core idea contains two aspects. Firstly, a context covariance matrix representation is developed within a local neighborhood to characterize the contexture information. Then, the Wishart statistic test is extended to examine the similarity of context covariance matrices. The extended similarity test indicator derived from context covariance matrices is verified to be sensitive for similar pixel localization. Thereafter, a sample averaging estimator is adopted based on the similar samples determined by the context covariance matrices similarity test (the proposed method is named as the CCM+SimiTest). Furthermore, a fast similarity test computation scheme is established which can handle large images smoothly even with a normal laptop. Intensive experimental studies with Radarsat-2, MiniSAR and ALOS-2 datasets are carried out. Comparisons with several state-of-the-art methods from both subjective and objective viewpoints demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method.
Aedes mosquitoes can transmit dengue and several other severe vector-borne viral diseases, thereby influencing millions of people worldwide. Insects primarily control and clear the viral infections ...via their innate immune systems. Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPKs) and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are both evolutionarily conserved components of the innate immune systems. In this study, we investigated the role of MAPKs in Aedes mosquitoes following DENV infection by using genetic and pharmacological approaches. We demonstrated that knockdown of ERK, but not of JNK or p38, significantly enhances the viral replication in Aedes mosquito cells. The Ras/ERK signaling is activated in both the cells and midguts of Aedes mosquitoes following DENV infection, and thus plays a role in restricting the viral infection, as both genetic and pharmacological activation of the Ras/ERK pathway significantly decreases the viral titers. In contrast, inhibition of the Ras/ERK pathway enhances DENV infection. In addition, we identified a signaling crosstalk between the Ras/ERK pathway and DENV-induced AMPs in which defensin C participates in restricting DENV infection in Aedes mosquitoes. Our results reveal that the Ras/ERK signaling pathway couples AMPs to mediate the resistance of Aedes mosquitoes to DENV infection, which provides a new insight into understanding the crosstalk between MAPKs and AMPs in the innate immunity of mosquito vectors during the viral infection.
Based on the test function method, we present the necessary and sufficient conditions for deriving lump solutions to four special types of (3+1)-dimensional nonlinear evolution equations. Compared ...with previous research, the number of the algebraic equations to be solved can be reduced. Moreover, we propose two approaches to construct lump-multi-kink solutions by virtue of two kinds of test functions. We prove that if the lump solutions to some special types of (3+1)-dimensional nonlinear evolution equations are derived, the lump-multi-kink solutions can be constructed, and the number of kink waves can be arbitrary. The lump solutions and lump-multi-kink solutions to the (3+1)-dimensional generalized Boiti–Leon–Manna–Pempinelli equation are given as illustrative examples. These approaches may provide support for the study of the existence of lump solutions and mixed solutions.
•An optional decoupling condition approach is proposed for deriving the lump-stripe solutions and lump-soliton solutions to the KPI equation.•New and more general solutions are derived, and there ...exists a link between the two kinds of interaction solutions.•The optional decoupling condition approach can be applied to a wide range of nonlinear evolution equations.
As a kind of analytical exact solutions to the nonlinear evolution equations, the interaction solutions are of great value in the study of the interacting mechanism in nonlinear science. In this paper, an optional decoupling condition approach is proposed for deriving the lump-stripe solutions and lump-soliton solutions to the KPI equation. We derive new and more general solutions to the KPI equation and discuss the link between the two kinds of interaction solutions, which has not been reported before. The interaction solutions to the KPI equation are analyzed and simulated numerically, which show that all the interaction phenomena are completely inelastic. Although we are concerned on the KPI equation in this paper, this approach can be applied to a wide class of nonlinear evolution equations and lays out the framework of deriving the lump-multi-stripe and/or lump-multi-soliton solutions.
A general and practical approach for diverse dealkenylative functionalization of olefin‐containing substrates has been developed through the one‐pot formation and utilization of pro‐aromatic ...1,4‐dihydropyridazines using tetrazine as the key cycloaddition reagent. Triggered by either excitation or oxidation, the targeted C−C bonds in the 1,4‐dihydropyridazine intermediates could be readily cleaved to generate alkyl radicals for subsequent transformations. Diverse carbon‐carbon and carbon‐hetero bond forming protocols, including Giese‐type addition, hydrazination, borylation, Minisci‐type alkylation, copper‐catalyzed NH alkylation, acylation, alkynylation, cyanation, and azidation, are achieved in a highly modular fashion.
Dealkenylative Giese‐type addition, hydrazination, borylation, Minisci‐type alkylation, copper‐catalyzed NH alkylation, acylation, alkynylation, cyanation, and azidation, have been achieved on olefin‐containing substrates in a one‐pot and highly modular fashion.
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