Highlights
The recent progress on using cell membrane-coated nanoparticles for drug delivery, cancer treatment, vascular disease, immune modulation, and detoxification are summarized in this review.
...The patent applications related to the cell membrane coating technology from the past 10 years are collected, the future challenges and trends pertaining to this technology are comprehensively discussed.
Unique properties of cell membrane-coated nanoparticles make it a promising strategy for biomedical applications and will make outstanding contributions to human health.
Cell membrane coating technology is an approach to the biomimetic replication of cell membrane properties, and is an active area of ongoing research readily applicable to nanoscale biomedicine. Nanoparticles (NPs) coated with cell membranes offer an opportunity to unite natural cell membrane properties with those of the artificial inner core material. The coated NPs not only increase their biocompatibility but also achieve effective and extended circulation in vivo, allowing for the execution of targeted functions. Although cell membrane-coated NPs offer clear advantages, much work remains before they can be applied in clinical practice. In this review, we first provide a comprehensive overview of the theory of cell membrane coating technology, followed by a summary of the existing preparation and characterization techniques. Next, we focus on the functions and applications of various cell membrane types. In addition, we collate model drugs used in cell membrane coating technology, and review the patent applications related to this technology from the past 10 years. Finally, we survey future challenges and trends pertaining to this technology in an effort to provide a comprehensive overview of the future development of cell membrane coating technology.
Extensive studies on nanomedicines have been conducted for drug delivery and disease diagnosis (especially for cancer therapy). However, the intracellular and in vivo biofate of nanomedicines, which ...is significantly associated with their clinical therapeutic effect, is poorly understood at present. This is because of the technical challenges to quantify the disassembly and behaviour of nanomedicines. As a fluorescence- and distance-based approach, the Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) technique is very successful to study the interaction of nanomedicines with biological systems. In this review, principles on how to select a FRET pair and construct FRET-based nanomedicines have been described first, followed by their application to study structural integrity, biodistribution, disassembly kinetics, and elimination of nanomedicines at intracellular and in vivo levels, especially with drug nanocarriers including polymeric micelles, polymeric nanoparticles, and lipid-based nanoparticles. FRET is a powerful tool to reveal changes and interaction of nanoparticles after delivery, which will be very useful to guide future developments of nanomedicine.
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Diabetic foot ulcer is a serious complication in diabetes patients, imposing a serious physical and economic burden to patients and to the healthcare system as a whole. Oxidative stress is thought to ...be a key driver of the pathogenesis of such ulcers. However, no antioxidant drugs have received clinical approval to date, underscoring the need for the further development of such medications. Hydrogels can be applied directly to the wound site, wherein they function to prevent infection and maintain local moisture concentrations, in addition to serving as a reservoir for the delivery of a range of therapeutic compounds with the potential to expedite wound healing in a synergistic manner. Herein, we synthesized Prussian blue nanoparticles (PBNPs) capable of efficiently scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) owing to their ability to mimic the activity of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). In the context of in vitro oxidative stress, these PBNPs were able to protect against cytotoxicity, protect mitochondria from oxidative stress-related damage, and restore nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2)/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) pathway activity. To expand on these results in an in vivo context, we prepared a thermosensitive poly (d,l-lactide)-poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(d,l-lactide) (PDLLA-PEG-PDLLA) hydrogel (PLEL)-based wound dressing in which PBNPs had been homogenously incorporated, and we then used this dressing as a platform for controlled PBNP release. The resultant PBNPs@PLEL wound dressing was able to improve diabetic wound healing, decrease ROS production, promote angiogenesis, and reduce pro-inflammatory interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels within diabetic wounds. Overall, our results suggest that this PBNPs@PLEL platform holds great promise as a treatment for diabetic foot ulcers.
Highlights
Strategies for crossing the blood–brain barrier and the nano-biological effects of nanomaterials used for anti-Parkinsonian therapy are summarized.
Patents related to nanotechnology-based ...anti-Parkinsonian therapy are reviewed, and the status of progress in this field are discussed.
Current challenges in nanotechnology-based Parkinson’s disease treatment are discussed, with insights into the future trends in this field.
Parkinson’s disease (PD), a neurodegenerative disease that shows a high incidence in older individuals, is becoming increasingly prevalent. Unfortunately, there is no clinical cure for PD, and novel anti-PD drugs are therefore urgently required. However, the selective permeability of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) poses a huge challenge in the development of such drugs. Fortunately, through strategies based on the physiological characteristics of the BBB and other modifications, including enhancement of BBB permeability, nanotechnology can offer a solution to this problem and facilitate drug delivery across the BBB. Although nanomaterials are often used as carriers for PD treatment, their biological activity is ignored. Several studies in recent years have shown that nanomaterials can improve PD symptoms via their own nano-bio effects. In this review, we first summarize the physiological features of the BBB and then discuss the design of appropriate brain-targeted delivery nanoplatforms for PD treatment. Subsequently, we highlight the emerging strategies for crossing the BBB and the development of novel nanomaterials with anti-PD nano-biological effects. Finally, we discuss the current challenges in nanomaterial-based PD treatment and the future trends in this field. Our review emphasizes the clinical value of nanotechnology in PD treatment based on recent patents and could guide researchers working in this area in the future.
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-sized, natural, cell-derived vesicles that contain the same nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids as their source cells. Thus, they can serve as natural carriers ...for therapeutic agents and drugs, and have many advantages over conventional nanocarriers, including their low immunogenicity, good biocompatibility, natural blood-brain barrier penetration, and capacity for gene delivery. This review first introduces the classification of EVs and then discusses several currently popular methods for isolating and purifying EVs, EVs-mediated drug delivery, and the functionalization of EVs as carriers. Thereby, it provides new avenues for the development of EVs-based therapeutic strategies in different fields of medicine. Finally, it highlights some challenges and future perspectives with regard to the clinical application of EVs.
In Chinese traditional medicine, quercetin (QT) plays a fundamental role in the treatment of asthma, as an anti-allergen and to lower blood pressure. Recent evidence suggests that QT can improve ...tumor radiosensitivity through multiple mechanisms. However, poor tumor tissue targeting ability and low water solubility of QT limit its usefulness in the treatment of cancers. Herein, we designed a novel drug delivery system (CQM) consisting of inner QT loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) and outer cancer cell membranes (CM). The developed nanoplatform had strong anti-cancer effects under X-ray irradiation and good QT loading characteristics. In addition, CQM effectively targeted tumor tissues. Results of
and
experiments demonstrated that the developed CQM drug delivery system has excellent tumor targeting ability and effectively inhibited tumor growth. Therefore, the CQM platform realized targeted drug delivery and radiotherapy sensitization, which provided a newfangled idea of cancer treatment.
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) are becoming more and more popular all over the world. However, quality issues of TCM may lead to medical incidents in practice and therefore quality control is ...essential to TCM. In this review, the state of TCM in European Pharmacopoeia are compared with that in Chinese Pharmacopoeia, and herbal drugs that are not considered as TCM and not elaborated by TCM working party at European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & Health Care (EDQM) but present in both European Pharmacopoeia and Chinese Pharmacopoeias are also discussed. Different aspects in quality control of TCM including origins, identification, tests and assays, as well as sample preparation, marker selection and TCM processing are covered to address the importance of establishing comprehensive quality standard of TCM. Furthermore, advanced analytical techniques for quality control and standard establishment of TCM are also reviewed. Keywords: Traditional Chinese medicine, European Pharmacopoeia, Chinese Pharmacopoeia, Quality standard
In traditional Chinese medicine, dihydroartemisinin (DHA) is the focus of extensive attention because of its unique activity with Fe
to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) and promote apoptosis. In ...this work, we designed a newfangled ink@hydrogel containing FeCl
, traditional Chinese ink (Hu Kaiwen ink), and agarose hydrogel to create a synergistic activity with DHA in the treatment of cancer. When the system is irradiated under 1,064 nm for a few minutes, the ink in the ink@hydrogel converts the light to heat and hyperthermia causes the reversible hydrolysis of hydrogel. Then, Fe
quickly diffuses from the hydrogel to the tumor microenvironment and is reduced to Fe
to break the endoperoxide bridge in pre-injected DHA, which results in the release of free radicals for a potent anticancer action. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a hydrogel tumor therapy system that induces a photo-thermal response in the second near infrared window (NIR-II).
experiments also showed a significant effect of DHA-Fe
in chemodynamic therapy (CDT) and in photo-thermal therapy. This hydrogel platform provided an encouraging idea for synergistic tumor therapy.
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a rare chronic autoimmune disease caused by the production of autoantibodies against the postsynaptic membrane receptors present at the neuromuscular junction. This ...condition is characterized by fatigue and muscle weakness, including diplopia, ptosis, and systemic impairment. Emerging evidence suggests that in addition to immune dysregulation, the pathogenesis of MG may involve mitochondrial damage and ferroptosis. Mitochondria are the primary site of energy production, and the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated due to mitochondrial dysfunction can induce ferroptosis. Nanomedicines have been extensively employed to treat various disorders due to their modifiability and good biocompatibility, but their application in MG management has been rather limited. Nevertheless, nanodrug delivery systems that carry immunomodulatory agents, anti-oxidants, or ferroptosis inhibitors could be effective for the treatment of MG. Therefore, this review focuses on various nanoplatforms aimed at attenuating immune dysregulation, restoring mitochondrial function, and inhibiting ferroptosis that could potentially serve as promising agents for targeted MG therapy.
The limited clinical response and serious side effect have been challenging in cancer immunotherapy resulting from immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) and inferior drug targeting. Herein, ...an active targeting TME nanoplatform capable of revising the immunosuppressive TME microenvironment is designed. Briefly, gold nanorods (GNRs) are covered with silica dioxide (SiO2) and then coated manganese dioxide (MnO2) to obtain GNRs@SiO2@MnO2 (GSM). Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) membrane is further camouflaged on the surface of GSM to obtain GNRs@SiO2@MnO2@MDSCs (GSMM). In this system, GSMM inherits active targeting TME capacity of MDSCs. The localized surface plasmon resonance of GNRs is developed in near-infrared II window by MnO2 layer coating, realizing NIR-II window photothermal imaging and photoacoustic imaging of GSMM. Based on the release of Mn2+ in acidic TME, GSMM can be also used for magnetic resonance imaging. In cancer cells, Mn2+ catalyzes H2O2 into ·OH for (chemodynamic therapy) CDT leading to activate cGAS-STING, but also directly acts on STING inducing secretion of type I interferons, pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Additionally, photothermal therapy and CDT-mediated immunogenic cell death of tumor cells can further enhance anti-tumor immunity via exposure of CRT, HMGB1 and ATP. In summary, our nanoplatform realizes multimodal cancer imaging and dual immunotherapy.
Biomimetic Manganese-Based Nanoplatform (GSMM) demonstrates superior performance in multimodal caner imaging, including PTI, PAI and MRI. In acidic tumor microenvironment, GSMM can be degraded into Mn2+, which catalyzes H2O2 into ·OH for CDT leading to activate cGAS-STING signaling, but also directly acts on STING inducing secretion of IFN I, pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Display omitted
•Fabricated a tumor microenvironment targeted nanoplatform GSMM.•GSMM realize multimodal tumor imaging.•GSMM activate cGAS-STING signal pathway.•Chemodynamic and photothermal therapy synergetically enhance anti-tumor immune response.
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