The exotic photophysical properties of organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite with long exciton lifetimes and small binding energy have appeared as promising front‐runners for next‐generation ...non‐volatile flash photomemory. However, the long photo‐programming time of photomemory limits its application on light‐fidelity (Li‐Fi), which requires high storage capacity and short programming times. Herein, the spatially addressable perovskite in polystyrene‐block‐poly(ethylene oxide) (PS‐b‐PEO)/perovskite composite film as an photoactive floating gate is demonstrated to elucidate the effect of morphology on the photo‐responsive characteristics of photomemory. The chelation between lead ion and PEO segment promotes the anti‐solvent functionalities of the perovskite/PS‐b‐PEO composite film, thus allowing the solution‐processable poly(3‐hexylthiophene‐2,5‐diyl) (P3HT) to act as the active channel. Through manipulating the interfacial area between perovskite and P3HT, fast photo‐induced charge transfer rate of 0.056 ns−1, high charge transfer efficiency of 89%, ON/OFF current ratio of 104, and extremely low programming time of 5 ms can be achieved. This solution‐processable and fast photo‐programmable non‐volatile flash photomemory can trigger the practical application on Li‐Fi.
The spatially addressable perovskite in a polystyrene‐block‐poly(ethylene oxide) (PS‐b‐PEO)/perovskite composite film as an photoactive floating gate is demonstrated. By manipulating the interfacial area between the perovskite and active channel, a fast photo‐induced charge transfer rate of 0.056 ns−1, high charge transfer efficiency of 89%, ON/OFF current ratio of 104, and extremely low programming time of 5 ms can be achieved.
Neuroinflammation has been reported to be associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Neuroinflammation is generally considered as an outcome of glial activation; however, we recently ...demonstrated that T helper (Th)17 cells, a subpopulation of proinflammatory CD4+ T cells, are also involved in AD pathogenesis. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, a cytokine that can be expressed in the brain, can be immunosuppressive, but its effects on lymphocyte-mediated neuroinflammation in AD pathogenesis have not been well addressed. In the current study we administered TGF-β1 via intracerebroventricle (ICV) and intranasal (IN) routes in AD model rats to investigate its antiinflammatory and neuroprotective effects. The AD rat model was prepared by bilateral hippocampal injection of amyloid-β (Aβ)1-42. TGF-β1 was administered via ICV one hour prior to Aβ1-42 injection or via both nares seven days after Aβ1-42 injection. ICV administration of TGF-β1 before Aβ1-42 injection remarkably ameliorated Aβ1-42-induced neurodegeneration and prevented Aβ1-42-induced increases in glia-derived proinflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-1β and iNOS), as well as T cell-derived proinflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-17 and IL-22), in the hypothalamus, serum or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in a concentration-dependent manner. TGF-β1 pretreatment also prevented Aβ1-42-induced decreases in the neurotrophic factors, IGF-1, GDNF and BDNF, and in the antiinflammatory cytokine, IL-10. Similarly, IN administration of TGF-β1 after Aβ1-42 injection reduced neurodegeneration, elevation of proinflammatory mediators and cytokines, and reduction of neurotrophic and antiinflammatory factors, in the hypothalamus, serum or CSF. These findings suggest that TGF-β1 suppresses glial and T cell-mediated neuroinflammation and thereby alleviates AD-related neurodegeneration. The effectiveness of IN administered TGF-β1 in reducing Aβ1-42 neurotoxicity suggests a possible therapeutic approach in patients with AD.
This study aimed to establish an effective prognostic nomogram with or without plasma Epstein-Barr virus DNA (EBV DNA) for nondisseminated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC).
The nomogram was based on a ...retrospective study of 4630 patients who underwent radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy at Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center from 2007 to 2009. The predictive accuracy and discriminative ability of the nomogram were determined by a concordance index (C-index) and calibration curve and were compared with EBV DNA and the current staging system. The results were validated using bootstrap resampling and a prospective cohort study on 1819 patients consecutively enrolled from 2011 to 2012 at the same institution. All statistical tests were two-sided.
Independent factors derived from multivariable analysis of the primary cohort to predict recurrence were age, sex, body mass index (BMI), T stage, N stage, plasma EBV DNA, pretreatment high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and hemoglobin level (HGB), which were all assembled into the nomogram with (nomogram B) or without EBV DNA (nomogram A). The calibration curve for the probability of recurrence showed that the nomogram-based predictions were in good agreement with actual observations. The C-index of nomogram B for predicting recurrence was 0.728 (P < .001), which was statistically higher than the C-index values for nomogram A (0.690), EBV DNA (0.680), and the current staging system (0.609). The C-index of nomogram B (0.730) and nomogram A (0.681) remained higher for predicting recurrence among patients treated with intensity-modulated radiotherapy (P < .001). The results were confirmed in the validation cohort.
The proposed nomogram with or without plasma EBV DNA resulted in more accurate prognostic prediction for NPC patients.
The role of surgery compared with reirradiation in the primary treatment of patients with resectable, locally recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) who have previously received radiotherapy is a ...matter of debate. In this trial, we compared the efficacy and safety outcomes of salvage endoscopic surgery versus intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) in patients with resectable locally recurrent NPC.
This multicentre, open-label, randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial was done in three hospitals in southern China. We included patients aged 18–70 years with a Karnofsky Performance Status score of at least 70 who were histopathologically diagnosed with undifferentiated or differentiated, non-keratinising, locally recurrent NPC with tumours confined to the nasopharyngeal cavity, the post-naris or nasal septum, the superficial parapharyngeal space, or the base wall of the sphenoid sinus. Eligible patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive either endoscopic nasopharyngectomy (ENPG group) or IMRT (IMRT group). Randomisation was done manually using a computer-generated random number code and patients were stratified by treatment centre. Treatment group assignment was not masked. The primary endpoint was overall survival, compared between the groups at 3 years. Efficacy analyses were done by intention to treat. Safety analysis was done in patients who received treatment according to the treatment they actually received. This trial was prospectively registered at the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, ChiCTR-TRC-11001573, and is currently in follow-up.
Between Sept 30, 2011, and Jan 16, 2017, 200 eligible patients were randomly assigned to receive either ENPG (n=100) or IMRT (n=100). At a median follow-up of 56·0 months (IQR 42·0–69·0), 74 patients had died (29 29% of 100 patients in the ENPG group and 45 45% of 100 patients in the IMRT group). The 3-year overall survival was 85·8% (95% CI 78·9–92·7) in the ENPG group and 68·0% (58·6–77·4) in the IMRT group (hazard ratio 0·47, 95% CI 0·29–0·76; p=0·0015). The most common grade 3 or worse radiation-related late adverse event was pharyngeal mucositis (in five 5% of 99 patients who underwent ENPG and 26 26% of 101 patients who underwent IMRT). Five 5% of the 99 patients who underwent ENPG and 20 20% of the 101 patients who underwent IMRT died due to late toxic effects specific to radiotherapy; attribution to previous radiotherapy or trial radiotherapy is unclear due to the long-term nature of radiation-related toxicity.
Endoscopic surgery significantly improved overall survival compared with IMRT in patients with resectable locally recurrent NPC. These results suggest that ENPG could be considered as the standard treatment option for this patient population, although long-term follow-up is needed to further determine the efficacy and toxicity of this strategy.
Sun Yat-sen University Clinical Research 5010 Program
Li‐CO2 batteries are regarded as next‐generation high‐energy‐density electrochemical devices. However, the greatest challenge arises from the formation of the discharge product, Li2CO3, which would ...accumulate and deactivate heterogenous catalysts to cause huge polarization. Herein, Ru(bpy)3Cl2 was employed as a solution‐phase catalyst for Li‐CO2 batteries and proved to be the most effective one screened so far. Spectroscopy and electrochemical analyses elucidate that the RuII center could interact with both CO2 and amorphous Li2C2O4 intermediate, thus promoting electroreduction process and delaying carbonate transformation. As a result, the charge potential is reduced to 3.86 V and over 60 discharge/charge cycles are achieved with a fixed capacity of 1000 mAh g−1 at a current density of 300 mA g−1. Our work provides a new avenue to improve the electrochemical performance of Li‐CO2 batteries with efficient mobile catalysts.
Ru(bpy)3Cl2 was applied as the first ruthenium‐based mobile catalyst to enhance the electrochemical performance of Li‐CO2 batteries. The RuII catalyst was discovered to interact with both CO2 molecules and amorphous Li2C2O4 intermediate, thus promoting CO2RR and delaying carbonate formation and consequently leading to lowered overpotential, enlarged capacity, and prolonged cyclability of the batteries.
Malaria in pregnancy is a critical public health challenge, and intermittent preventive treatment for malaria during pregnancy (IPTp) has proven to be an effective intervention. However, access to ...and use of malaria interventions, including IPTp, remains a considerable problem among African women. This cross-sectional study investigated factors, including antenatal care (ANC) attendance (both numbers of visits and timing of the first visit) and socio-demographics, associated with the uptake of the recommended IPTp dose among Malawian women.
A nationally representative sample of women with a live birth in the 2 years preceding the survey from the Malawi Demographic Health Survey 2015-2016 dataset was analysed. Self-reported data on socio-demographics, ANC attendance and IPTp uptake were collected using a questionnaire and analysed using logistic models.
Of the 6549 included women, 1981 (30.2%) took the recommended three or more IPTp doses. Despite inadequate ANC visits, early ANC initiation increased the likelihood of these women taking the recommended IPTp dose; women who initiated ANC in the first adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 2.24; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.44-3.49 and second (aOR = 2.19; 95% CI = 1.56-3.08) trimesters were more likely to take the recommended IPTp dose compared to late initiators. The effect of the number of ANC visits on IPTp uptake was significant in married women (aOR = 1.68, 95% CI = 1.42-1.98), and the timing of first ANC visit was associated with IPTp uptake only among rural women (aOR = 2.13, 95% CI = 1.54-2.95).
ANC attendance is vital in IPTp uptake. The results highlight the need for health care providers to encourage women, particularly those in high-risk groups, to make frequent ANC visits and receive early ANC initiation to ensure high coverage of the recommended IPTp dose.
The tumorous niche may drive the plasticity of heterogeneity and cancer stemness, leading to drug resistance and metastasis, which is the main reason of treatment failure in most cancer patients. The ...aim of this study was to establish a tumor microenvironment (TME)-based screening to identify drugs that can specifically target cancer stem cells (CSCs) and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in the TME.
Lung cancer patient-derived cancer cell and CAFs were utilized to mimic the TME and reproduce the stemness properties of CSCs
and develop a high-throughput drug screening platform with phenotypical parameters. Limiting dilution assay, sphere-forming and ALDH activity assay were utilized to measure the cancer stemness characteristics.
patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models and single-cell RNA sequencing were used to evaluate the mechanisms of the compounds in CSCs and CAFs.
The TME-based drug screening platform could comprehensively evaluate the response of cancer cells, CSCs and CAFs to different treatments. Among the 1,524 compounds tested, several drugs were identified to have anti-CAFs, anticancer and anti-CSCs activities. Aloe-emodin and digoxin both show anticancer and anti-CSCs activity
and
, which was further confirmed in the lung cancer PDX model. The combination of digoxin and chemotherapy improved therapeutic efficacy. The single-cell transcriptomics analysis revealed that digoxin could suppress the CSCs subpopulation in CAFs-cocultured cancer cells and cytokine production in CAFs.
The TME-based drug screening platform provides a tool to identify and repurpose compounds targeting cancer cells, CSCs and CAFs, which may accelerate drug development and therapeutic application for lung cancer patients.
Trend of dense deployment of 802.11 WLANs makes it urgent to design effective and efficient channel access schemes. IEEE 802.11ax standard for the next generation WLAN introduces the orthogonal ...frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) mechanism that supports downlink and uplink multi-user transmissions over multiple resource units (RUs). In this paper, we, integrating the multi-user transmissions with the target wake time (TWT) mechanism, propose the Scheduling Channel Access with TWT (SCAT) scheme. The SCAT wakes up stations (STAs) no more than the number of RUs in each target beacon so that the channel can be accessed on schedule without contention. Additionally, we develop a mathematical model to derive the throughput and delay arising from sleeping (DAFS) under the SCAT, which are used to formulate the throughput maximization problem (TMP) subject to delay constraint. Then, the TMP is solved by the genetic algorithm in which a tree is chosen as a chromosome. The solution to the TMP enables the SCAT to assign the optimal listen intervals and the next target beacons to the STAs so that the maximum throughput is achieved. Simulation results show the SCAT outperforms the existing schemes in throughput, channel utilization, and energy efficiency.
In recent years, the rapid development of fresh food e-commerce in China has brought about more development opportunities for the cold chain logistics industry but has also presented new challenges. ...With the development of cloud computing and big data technology, it is increasingly important to study the application of big data and cloud computing technology in cold chain logistics. The purpose of this paper is to study the intelligent algorithm of cold chain logistics distribution optimization based on big data cloud computing analysis. Based on the constituent elements of the cold chain distribution problem and using cloud computing technology to obtain real-time traffic information in the transportation system through a unified access interface, this article analyses the distribution time and cost of refrigerated vehicles, thereby establishing a cold chain distribution vehicle path optimization model. By analysing the parallel programming mode of cloud computing, the parallel design and analysis of a coarse-grained genetic algorithm are used to solve the simulation model of the established optimization model. The experimental results show that the method of optimizing cold chain logistics vehicle routing using cloud computing is effective. When comparing 1, 2, 4, and 8 processors, the execution times are 19.89, 14.52, 8.12, and 6.41, respectively. It can be seen that the more processors there are, the shorter the calculation time.
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