► A simple and easy nanoprecipitation method was successfully used to synthesize starch nanoparticles with controllable sizes. ► The shape and size of the starch nanoparticles can be controlled by ...the synthesis parameters. ► Starch nanoparticles with mean particles size of 150nm were obtained in the presence of surfactants during precipitation.
Starch nanoparticles of particle size range between 300nm and 400nm were synthesized by a simple nanoprecipitation method from native sago starch (Metroxylon sagu). Starch nanoparticles were formed by controlled precipitation through drop-wise addition of dissolved native starch solution to excess absolute ethanol. The size and shape of starch nanoparticles were modulated varying the synthesis parameters including the use of appropriate surfactant. Starch nanoparticles with mean diameter of about 150nm were obtained in the presence of surfactants during precipitation. Both solvent and non-solvent systems used in the synthesis method were aqueous-based and the method was facile, and easy to perform as compared to other synthesis approaches previously reported.
Solvothermal synthesis has shown to have a great potential to synthesize Zinc Oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) with less than 10 nm size. In this study, we present a rapid synthesis of ZnO NPs in which ...ZnO NPs with more uniform shape and highly dispersed were synthesized using zinc acetate dihydrate (Zn(CH3COO)2 2H2O) and potassium hydroxide (KOH) as a precursor and absolute ethanol as solvent via solvothermal method. Few techniques were exploited to characterize synthesized ZnO NPs including X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and ultraviolet visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. Synthesized ZnO NPs that were prepared via solvothermal synthesis method at 60 °C for 3 hours exhibited a wurtzite structure with a crystalline size of 10.08 nm and particle size of 7.4 ± 1.2 nm. The UV-vis absorption spectrum has shown peak at 357 nm indicate the presence of ZnO NPs. Hence, better quality with uniform size ZnO NPs can be easily synthesized with reduced amount of time via solvothermal synthesis method rather than using other complicated and lengthy synthesis methods.
Cellulose hydrogel derived from cellulose fibers extracted from printed paper waste is prepared. The hydrogel derived from 3 wt% of the cellulose concentration exhibits a maximum water absorption ...capacity of 465.5%. The effects of the cellulose hydrogel on the soil moisture are evaluated using four types of soils namely river sand, clayey soil, loamy soil, and gley soil (the wetland soil). The potential application of cellulose‐based hydrogel as an eco‐friendly seed germination media of the paddy seeds under the soil‐less condition is evaluated. This study shows that paddy seeds exhibit a higher seed germination rate of 53% when cellulose hydrogel is used as a seed germination media as compared to seed germination rate ranging from 14% to 35% when various types of soil are used as the germination media. The prepared cellulose hydrogel could be applied as an eco‐friendly and cost‐effective seed germination media to enhance the paddy seeds' germination rate.
Cellulose hydrogel is prepared from cellulose fibers isolated from printed paper waste. Cellulose hydrogel is shown to enhance paddy seeds' germination rates.
The effect of urea-loaded cellulose hydrogel, a controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) on growth and yield of upland rice were investigated in upland rice. As with the initial research, nitrogen (N) ...treatments were applied as CRF treatments; T2H (30 kg N ha
), T3H (60 kg N ha
), T4H (90 kg N ha
), T5H (120 kg N ha
) and recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) at 120 kg N ha
RDF (T6U) in split application and T1 (0 N) as control. Results from this study indicated that applying CRF at the optimum N rate, T4H resulted in maximum grain yield, increasing by 71%. The analysis of yield components revealed that higher grain yield in T4H CRF was associated with an increase in panicle number and number of grains per panicle. Maximum grain N uptake of 0.25 g kg
was also observed in T4H CRF. In addition, T4H CRF recorded the highest harvest index (HI) and N harvest index (NHI) of 45.5% and 67.9%, respectively. Application of T4H CRF also recorded the highest N use efficiency (NUE) and N agronomic efficiency (NAE), 52.6% and 12.8 kg kg
, respectively. Observations show that CRF with only 75% N applied (T4H) in soil improved grain yield when compared to CRF with 100% N and 100% RDF in farmers' conventional split application. This suggested that CRF with a moderate N application might produce the highest potential yield and improved N efficiencies while enhancing crop production and further increase in N supply did not increase yield and N efficiencies. The results suggest that the application of T4H CRF for upland rice would enhance HI, N efficiencies and improve the yield of upland rice. Also, all growth parameters and yield were positively influenced by the application of CRF as a basal dose compared to split application of conventional urea fertilizers.
Curcumin was loaded onto starch nanoparticles by using in situ nanoprecipitation method and water-in-oil microemulsion system. Curcumin loaded starch nanoparticles exhibited enhanced solubility in ...aqueous solution as compared to free curcumin. Effects of formulation parameters such as types of reaction medium, types of surfactant, surfactant concentrations, oil/ethanol ratios, loading time, and initial curcumin concentration were found to affect the particle size and loading efficiency (LF) of the curcumin loaded starch nanoparticles. Under optimum conditions, curcumin loaded starch nanoparticles with mean particles size of 87 nm and maximum loading efficiency of 78% were achieved. Curcumin was observed to release out from starch nanoparticles in a sustained way under physiological pH over a period of 10 days.
In this study, pH responsive carboxylic cellulose acetate nanoparticles (CCA NPs) have been evaluated as drug nanocarriers for controlled release of drug. Herein, carboxylic cellulose acetate (CCA) ...was initially synthesized via oxidation of cellulose using a 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxidanyl (TEMPO) as an oxidant and followed by the acetylation of carboxylic cellulose in the presence of iodine as a catalyst. CCA NPs were then obtained via the nanoprecipitation process and subsequent sonication. The obtained CCA NPs with a mean diameter of 96 nm were subsequently evaluated as drug delivery nanocarriers. Penicillin G as a model drug was loaded onto the CCA NPs via the adsorption process. Drug release profiles of Penicillin G from CCA NPs were evaluated in phosphate buffer solution (PBS) at different medium pH values (1.2, 7.4, and 8.6). Release kinetic models were applied to determine the release mechanism of penicillin G from loaded CCA NPs. Results showed that pH-responsive release of penicillin G from CCA NPs which was released most slowly at medium of pH 7.4.
Cellulose films with antimicrobial property were prepared by incorporation of chitosan nanoparticles as antimicrobial agents into the cellulose films. The antimicrobial property of these chitosan ...nanoparticles-doped cellulose films against Escherichia coli (E. coli) was evaluated via diffusion assay method, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) method, and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) method. The effects of antimicrobial agent amount, size-related property (nanoparticles and bulk chitosan), and crosslinking by citric acid on antimicrobial activity of cellulose films were studied. It was observed that the antimicrobial activity was enhanced when chitosan nanoparticles were used as compared to when bulk chitosan was used. A maximum E. coli inhibition of 85% was achieved with only 5% (v/v) doping of chitosan nanoparticles into the cellulose films. Crosslinking of the cellulose films with citric acid was observed to have resulted in 50% reduction of water absorbency and a slight increase of E. coli inhibition by 3% for chitosan nanoparticles-doped cellulose films.
For controlled release and targeted delivery of curcumin in an aqueous medium a method of encapsulating curcumin and magnetic nanoparticles inside porous silica matrix has been developed. Curcumin ...and superparamagnetic nanoparticles are loaded inside porous silica in a single process. The graphic shows the TEM image of microtomed sample of Fe3O4 particles surrounded by a silica matrix.
For controlled release and targeted delivery of curcumin in an aqueous medium a method of encapsulating curcumin and magnetic nanoparticles inside porous silica matrix has been developed. Curcumin and superparamagnetic nanoparticles are loaded inside porous silica in a single process. The graphic shows the TEM image of microtomed sample of Fe3O4 particles surrounded by a silica matrix.
•Lignin and iodo-lignin nanoparticles were synthesized via the nanoprecipitation method.•Both lignin and iodo-lignin nanoparticles demonstrated excellent antifungal properties.•Lignin and iodo-lignin ...nanoparticles are potential eco-friendly nanoparticle-based antifungal agents.
In this study, lignin (LNPs) and iodo-lignin nanoparticles (ILNPs) with mean particle sizes of 215 nm and 360 nm were synthesized by a nanoprecipitation method. Both LNPs and ILNPs exhibited excellent antifungal efficacy against various fungi such as Cunninghamella sp., Fusarium equiseti, Penicillium chermesinum, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma piluliferum. LNPs demonstrated an inhibition effect ranging from 25.81% to 65.29% whereas ILNPs exhibited a superior inhibition effect ranging from 81.34% to 95.57%. This work has proven that both LNPs and ILNPs are promising eco-friendly nano-fungicides for plant pathogenic fungi.
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