In this paper we report on the timing resolution obtained in a beam test with pions of 180 GeV/c momentum at CERN for the first production of 45 μm thick Ultra-Fast Silicon Detectors (UFSD). UFSD are ...based on the Low- Gain Avalanche Detector (LGAD) design, employing n-on-p silicon sensors with internal charge multiplication due to the presence of a thin, low-resistivity diffusion layer below the junction. The UFSD used in this test had a pad area of 1.7 mm2. The gain was measured to vary between 5 and 70 depending on the sensor bias voltage. The experimental setup included three UFSD and a fast trigger consisting of a quartz bar readout by a SiPM. The timing resolution was determined by doing Gaussian fits to the time-of-flight of the particles between one or more UFSD and the trigger counter. For a single UFSD the resolution was measured to be 34 ps for a bias voltage of 200 V, and 27 ps for a bias voltage of 230 V. For the combination of 3 UFSD the timing resolution was 20 ps for a bias voltage of 200 V, and 16 ps for a bias voltage of 230 V.
Purpose:
This paper describes the system for the dose delivery currently used at the Centro Nazionale di Adroterapia Oncologica (CNAO) for ion beam modulated scanning radiotherapy.
Methods:
CNAO ...Foundation, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare and University of Torino have designed, built, and commissioned a dose delivery system (DDS) to monitor and guide ion beams accelerated by a dedicated synchrotron and to distribute the dose with a full 3D scanning technique. Protons and carbon ions are provided for a wide range of energies in order to cover a sizable span of treatment depths. The target volume, segmented in several layers orthogonally to the beam direction, is irradiated by thousands of pencil beams which must be steered and held to the prescribed positions until the prescribed number of particles has been delivered. For the CNAO beam lines, these operations are performed by the DDS. The main components of this system are two independent beam monitoring detectors, called BOX1 and BOX2, interfaced with two control systems performing the tasks of real‐time fast and slow control, and connected to the scanning magnets and the beam chopper. As a reaction to any condition leading to a potential hazard, a DDS interlock signal is sent to the patient interlock system which immediately stops the irradiation. The essential tasks and operations performed by the DDS are described following the data flow from the treatment planning system through the end of the treatment delivery.
Results:
The ability of the DDS to guarantee a safe and accurate treatment was validated during the commissioning phase by means of checks of the charge collection efficiency, gain uniformity of the chambers, and 2D dose distribution homogeneity and stability. A high level of reliability and robustness has been proven by three years of system activity needing rarely more than regular maintenance and working with 100% uptime. Four identical and independent DDS devices have been tested showing comparable performances and are presently in use on the CNAO beam lines for clinical activity.
Conclusions:
The dose delivery system described in this paper is one among the few worldwide existing systems to operate ion beam for modulated scanning radiotherapy. At the time of writing, it has been used to treat more than 350 patients and it has proven to guide and control the therapeutic pencil beams reaching performances well above clinical requirements. In particular, in terms of dose accuracy and stability, daily quality assurance measurements have shown dose deviations always lower than the acceptance threshold of 5% and 2.5%, respectively.
The proof of concept of a new device, capable of determining in a few seconds the energy of clinical proton beams by measuring the time of flight (ToF) of protons, is presented. The prototype ...consists of two thin ultra fast silicon detector (UFSD) pads, aligned along the beam direction in a telescope configuration and readout by a digitizer. The method developed for extracting the energy at the isocenter from the measured ToF, validated by Monte Carlo simulations, and the procedure used to calibrate the system are also presented and discussed in detail. The prototype was tested at the Centro Nazionale di Adroterapia Oncologica (CNAO, Pavia, Italy), at several beam energies, covering the entire clinical range, and using different distances between the sensors. The measured beam energies were benchmarked against the nominal CNAO energy values, obtained during the commissioning of the centre from the measured ranges in water. Deviations of few hundreds of keV have been achieved for all considered proton beam energies for distances between the two sensors larger than 60 cm, indicating a sensitivity to the corresponding beam range in water smaller than the clinical tolerance of 1 mm. Moreover, few seconds of irradiation were necessary to collect the required statistics. These preliminary results indicate that a telescope of UFSDs could achieve in a short time the accuracy required for the clinical application and therefore encourage further investigations towards the improvement and the optimization of the present prototype.
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•We designed a national survey to quantify interest in scientific activities of MPEs.•34.7% of the respondents dedicated <10% of their working time to research activities.•Time spent ...on scientific activities was not enough for 67.5% of the respondents.•The lack of time was the most frequent (77%) barrier to scientific activities.
The “FutuRuS” working group of the Italian Association of Medical Physics and Health Physics (AIFM) designed a survey (SicAS) to get feedback from its members regarding their interests and their experience in taking part in scientific activities and events, with the objective of focusing future efforts of the AIFM towards increasing the scientific activity of the medical physics expert (MPE).
SicAS was sent out in March 2022 to all AIFM members by newsletter and official communication. SicAS was structured into three sections: personal information and institution of affiliation information, involvement in scientific activities, interest in and commitment to scientific activities. Responses were collected in a fully anonymised mode from the Google Forms platform and analysed with descriptive statistics.
Out of 1289 members (active at the end of 2021), 467 responded to the Survey (response rate of 36%). The Survey results highlighted that AIFM members ranked the involvement of the MPE in scientific activities as highly relevant to the profession. However, 34.7% indicated devoting less than 10% of their working time to scientific activities. 67.5% of the respondents were dissatisfied with the time spent on scientific activities. The primary barrier was the lack of time (77%), followed by a lack of mentoring (32%).
SicAS highlighted the need for AIFM initiatives to support members’ scientific activities. National societies should help develop and support networks between members, create links among universities, hospitals, research institutions and industries, and provide guidelines and learning platforms for enhancing the MPEs’ involvement in scientific activities.
Beam monitoring in particle therapy is a critical task that, because of the high flux and the time structure of the beam, can be challenging for the instrumentation. Recent developments in thin ...silicon detectors with moderate internal gain, optimized for timing applications (Ultra Fast Silicon Detectors, UFSD), offer a favourable technological option to conventional ionization chambers. Thanks to their fast collection time and good signal-to-noise ratio, properly segmented sensors allow discriminating and counting single protons up to the high fluxes of a therapeutic beam, while the excellent time resolution can be exploited for measuring the proton beam energy using time-of-flight techniques. We report here the results of the first tests performed with UFSD detector pads on a therapeutic beam. It is found that the signal of protons can be easily discriminated from the noise, and that the very good time resolution is confirmed. However, a careful design is necessary to limit large pile-up inefficiencies and early performance degradation due to radiation damage.
The relative biological effectiveness (RBE) concept is commonly used in treatment planning for ion beam therapy. Whether models based on in vitro/in vivo RBE data can be used to predict human ...response to treatments is an open issue. In this work an alternative method, based on an effective radiobiological parameterization directly derived from clinical data, is presented. The method has been applied to the analysis of prostate cancer trials with protons and carbon ions.Prostate cancer trials with proton and carbon ion beams reporting 5 year-local control (LC5) and grade 2 (G2) or higher genitourinary toxicity rates (TOX) were selected from literature to test the method. Treatment simulations were performed on a representative subset of patients to produce dose and linear energy transfer distribution, which were used as explicative physical variables for the radiobiological modelling. Two models were taken into consideration: the microdosimetric kinetic model (MKM) and a linear model (LM). The radiobiological parameters of the LM and MKM were obtained by coupling them with the tumor control probability and normal tissue complication probability models to fit the LC5 and TOX data through likelihood maximization. The model ranking was based on the Akaike information criterion.Results showed large confidence intervals due to the limited variety of available treatment schedules. RBE values, such as RBE = 1.1 for protons in the treated volume, were derived as a by-product of the method, showing a consistency with current approaches. Carbon ion RBE values were also derived, showing lower values than those assumed for the original treatment planning in the target region, whereas higher values were found in the bladder. Most importantly, this work shows the possibility to infer the radiobiological parametrization for proton and carbon ion treatment directly from clinical data.
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