Background
Intervention on adolescent bullying is reliant on valid and reliable measurement of victimization and perpetration experiences across different behavioural expressions.
Aims
This study ...developed and validated a survey tool that integrates measurement of both traditional and cyber bullying to test a theoretically driven multi‐dimensional model.
Sample
Adolescents from 10 mainstream secondary schools completed a baseline and follow‐up survey (N = 1,217; Mage = 14 years; 66.2% male).
Methods
The Bullying and cyberbullying Scale for Adolescents (BCS‐A) developed for this study comprised parallel victimization and perpetration subscales, each with 20 items. Additional measures of bullying (Olweus Global Bullying and the Forms of Bullying Scale FBS), as well as measures of internalizing and externalizing problems, school connectedness, social support, and personality, were used to further assess validity.
Results
Factor structure was determined, and then, the suitability of items was assessed according to the following criteria: (1) factor interpretability, (2) item correlations, (3) model parsimony, and (4) measurement equivalence across victimization and perpetration experiences. The final models comprised four factors: physical, verbal, relational, and cyber. The final scale was revised to two 13‐item subscales. The BCS‐A demonstrated acceptable concurrent and convergent validity (internalizing and externalizing problems, school connectedness, social support, and personality), as well as predictive validity over 6 months.
Conclusions
The BCS‐A has sound psychometric properties. This tool establishes measurement equivalence across types of involvement and behavioural forms common among adolescents. An improved measurement method could add greater rigour to the evaluation of intervention programmes and also enable interventions to be tailored to subscale profiles.
Background
Anxiety, depression and pain catastrophizing are independently associated with risk of opioid misuse in patients with persistent pain but their relationship to current opioid misuse, when ...considered together, is poorly understood. This study will assess the relative contribution of these modifiable, and distinct psychological constructs to current opioid misuse in patients with persistent pain.
Methods
One hundred and twenty-seven patients referred to a specialized opioid management clinic for prescription opioid misuse within a tertiary pain service were recruited for this study. The Pain Catastrophizing Scale, Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales and the Current Opioid Misuse Measure were administered pre-treatment. Pain severity and morphine equivalent dose based on independent registry data were also recorded.
Results
Higher levels of pain catastrophizing, depression, and anxiety were significantly associated with higher current opioid misuse (
r
= .475, 0.599, and 0.516 respectively,
p
< .01). Pain severity was significantly associated with pain catastrophizing (
r
= .301,
p
< .01). Catastrophizing, depression, and anxiety explained an additional 11.56% of the variance (
R
2
change = 0.34, p < .01) over and above age, gender, pain severity and morphine equivalent dose. Depression was the only significant variable at Step 2 (
β
= 0.62,
p
< .01).
Conclusion
Findings show that in a sample of people with persistent pain referred for treatment for opioid misuse, depression contributes over and above that of anxiety and pain catastrophizing. Theoretical and clinical practice implications are presented.
Background and aim
Social networking sites (SNS) are interactive internet‐based social platforms that facilitate information sharing. A growing body of literature on exposure to, and self‐posting of, ...alcohol‐related content on SNS has examined the relationship between SNS use and alcohol consumption in young people. This study aims to synthesise the literature exploring the relationship between exposure (i.e. viewing or listening of alcohol‐related media) and self‐posting (i.e. uploading images or text of alcohol content) of alcohol‐related media on SNS on alcohol consumption.
Methods
A pre‐registered systematic review was conducted in June 2022 within PubMed, Scopus, PsycINFO and Web of Science. Original prospective and cross‐sectional studies assessing youth and young adults (≤ 24 years of age) that measured exposure to alcohol‐related media or posting of alcohol‐related content on SNS and self‐reported alcohol consumption outcomes were included. Meta‐analyses were conducted on comparable methodologies.
Results
Thirty studies were included (n = 19,386). Meta‐analyses of cross‐sectional studies showed both greater exposure (five studies; pooled β = 0.34, 95% confidence interval CI = 0.23, 0.44, i2 = 27.7%) and self‐posting of alcohol‐related content (six studies; pooled β = 0.57, 95%CI = 0.25,0.88, i2 = 97.8%) was associated with greater alcohol consumption. Meta‐analyses of three prospective studies also identified that greater exposure predicted greater future alcohol consumption (three studies; pooled β = 0.13, 95%CI = 0.11,0.15, i2 = 0.0%). Narrative analyses of studies that could not be meta‐analysed due to incompatible methodologies were also conducted. Most studies (all four prospective, one of two cross‐sectional) identified positive associations between exposure to alcohol‐related content and greater average consumption. Most studies (three of four prospective, four of six cross‐sectional) reported a positive association between of alcohol‐related self‐posting and greater average alcohol consumption.
Conclusions
Both exposure to, and self‐posting of, alcohol‐related content on social networking sites are positively associated with current average consumption, problem drinking, and drinking frequency.
Growing three-dimensional objects with light Lipkowitz, Gabriel; Saccone, Max A.; Panzer, Matthew A. ...
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS,
07/2024, Letnik:
121, Številka:
28
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Vat photopolymerization (VP) additive manufacturing enables fabrication of complex 3D objects by using light to selectively cure a liquid resin. Developed in the 1980s, this technique initially had ...few practical applications due to limitations in print speed and final part material properties. In the four decades since the inception of VP, the field has matured substantially due to simultaneous advances in light delivery, interface design, and materials chemistry. Today, VP materials are used in a variety of practical applications and are produced at industrial scale. In this perspective, we trace the developments that enabled this printing revolution by focusing on the enabling themes of light, interfaces, and materials. We focus on these fundamentals as they relate to continuous liquid interface production (CLIP), but provide context for the broader VP field. We identify the fundamental physics of the printing process and the key breakthroughs that have enabled faster and higher-resolution printing, as well as production of better materials. We show examples of how in situ print process monitoring methods such as optical coherence tomography can drastically improve our understanding of the print process. Finally, we highlight areas of recent development such as multimaterial printing and inorganic material printing that represent the next frontiers in VP methods.
•Alcohol Use Disorder severity did not strongly predict negative affect or craving.•Higher stress was associated with stronger craving.•Anxiety independently predicted craving imagery.•Younger people ...had greater craving intensity and imagery.•Results may guide future interventions designed to reduce alcohol craving.
Negative affect and alcohol craving are common features of Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD). Both independently contribute to AUD severity and poorer treatment outcomes, but their relationship is poorly understood. Multidimensional alcohol craving measures now allow for examination of key dimensions of craving. This study explored the relationship between depression, anxiety, stress, and the alcohol craving dimensions of intensity, imagery and intrusiveness.
Five-hundred and twenty-five treatment seeking AUD patients (mean age of 39.79 years, SD = 11.57 years, 67% male) completed the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS), Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test-Consumption items (AUDIT-C), and Alcohol Craving Experience (ACE-F) questionnaire, which measured the frequency of craving intensity, imagery and intrusiveness. Regression models predicted main effects of predictors and moderation by alcohol consumption.
Higher levels of stress were independently associated with increased craving intensity, imagery and intrusiveness. Significant positive associations were also found between anxiety and craving imagery. The association between depression and craving was not significant after controlling for other predictors.
AUD patients experienced higher cravings when stressed and greater imagery when anxious. These results support the need to consider the relationships between stress and craving when managing alcohol dependence.
Background and aims
For most treatment‐seeking patients with severe Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD), abstinence is the clinically indicated goal. Existing AUD motivation scales are non‐specific about ...treatment consumption goals, which limit their effectiveness. Desires and mental imagery are relevant in the motivation for AUD treatment engagement. The Motivational Thought Frequency Scale for an abstinence goal (MTF‐A) was adapted from the MTF for controlled drinking (MTF‐CD). This study psychometrically evaluated the MTF‐A in an alcohol‐dependent sample engaged in treatment with a goal of abstinence. To enhance the clinical utility of the scale, a secondary aim was to evaluate a psychometrically equivalent short version of the MTF‐A.
Method
A sample N of 329 treatment‐seeking patients with AUD (mean age of 44.44 years, SD = 11.89 years, 72% male) who were undertaking a cognitive behavioral treatment (CBT) program for abstinence completed the Motivational Thought Frequency Scale for Abstinence (MTF‐A) and the Severity of Alcohol Dependence Questionnaire (SADQ). The MTF‐A measured motivation for abstinence through four factors: intensity, self‐efficacy imagery, incentives imagery, and availability. Confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) were conducted to examine factor structure and model fit. Cronbach's alpha assessed internal consistency. Predictive validity was determined by logistic regression predicting first‐session treatment non‐attendance and alcohol consumption between baseline assessment and commencement of treatment, controlling for potential confounds.
Results
A four‐factor structure provided the best fit for the MTF‐A, compared with one‐ and three‐factor models. A shortened 9‐item MTF‐A scale (S‐MTF‐A) provided better fit than the 13‐item MTF‐A scale. Both MTF‐A and S‐MTF‐A displayed good internal consistency. Although both MTF‐A and S‐MTF‐A successfully predicted first‐session treatment non‐attendance, neither predicted alcohol consumption between the baseline assessment and commencement of treatment.
Conclusions
The model fit of the four‐factor, 9‐item S‐MTF‐A was superior to the original 13‐item MTF‐A. Both scales were predictive of participation of AUD treatment. Desires and mental imagery play an important role in AUD treatment motivation.
Understanding motivation for abstinence in alcohol use disorder can contribute to treatment retention and success. This study psychometrically evaluates the Motivational Thought Frequency Scale for Abstinence (MTF‐A) in a clinical sample. A four‐factor structure of Intensity, Self‐efficacy Imagery, Incentives Imagery, and Availability provided the best fit. A shortened 9‐item MTF‐A (S‐MTF‐A) scale provided better fit than the original 13‐item scale. Both MTF‐A and S‐MTF‐A scales displayed good internal consistency. Both MTF‐A and S‐MTF‐A scales also successfully predicted first‐session treatment non‐attendance.
•Rash impulsiveness predicted more frequent alcohol craving.•Craving was associated with greater risk of lapse during treatment.•Craving mediated rash impulsiveness in the prediction of ...lapse.•Relative risk of lapse associated with craving increased as treatment progressed.•Rash impulsiveness did not increase risk of lapse in response to craving.
Rash impulsiveness, the propensity for approach behaviour despite potential negative consequences, is associated with stronger alcohol craving in patients with Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD). This relationship is poorly understood and implications for treatment response are unexamined. This study explored the relationship between rash impulsiveness, craving, and treatment response among 304 outpatients enrolled in a 12-week abstinence-based Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy (CBT) program for AUD. Assessments were completed pre-and-post treatment, with craving and alcohol consumption monitored at each treatment session. Higher rash impulsiveness predicted more frequent craving over treatment (b = 0.95, 95% CI = 0.40, 1.50). Higher craving was associated with greater lapse-risk (b = 0.04, 95% CI = 0.03, 0.05), with the association between craving and lapse-risk increasing as treatment progressed (b = 0.01, 95% CI = 0.01, 0.02). Craving positively mediated the relationship between rash impulsiveness and lapse-risk (µ = 0.38, 95% CI = 0.10, 0.70). Contrary to hypotheses, the risk of lapse in response to craving was not moderated by rash-impulsiveness. These results suggest that AUD patients with a predisposition for rash impulsiveness are more vulnerable to alcohol craving, and subsequently, poorer treatment outcomes.
Tailored psychological interventions based on individual risk factors are likely to improve treatment for Alcohol Use Disorders (AUDs). Key risk factors for poor treatment outcome include alcohol ...craving, positive expectations of alcohol consumption, and impulsivity.
Pragmatic randomized Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment (CBT) trial.
Public hospital alcohol and drug clinic.
Three-hundred seventy-nine patients (65% male; Age
= 44.32,
= 10.75) seeking treatment for AUD.
Patients were randomly allocated into treatment as usual (TAU) or targeted treatment. Patients in targeted treatment were allocated one of three treatment modules focusing on craving, positive expectancy, or impulsivity based on assessment results. Treatment included eight, 1 h sessions of CBT over 12 weeks delivered by clinical psychologists.
Targeted treatment was expected to have fewer drinking days and consume less alcohol during the treatment period than TAU. Improvement in targeted mechanisms was predicted to be greatest for patients within matched conditions.
Patients attended an average of 4.4 sessions with 93 (25%) completing the whole 12-week treatment episode. The mean proportion of drinking days between sessions was 5% with an average consumption of 64 grams of ethanol. No significant effect of targeted treatment was identified on drinking days or consumption. The craving (
= -18.97, 95% CI = -31.44, -6.51) and impulsivity (
= -26.65, 95% CI = -42.09, -11.22) modules demonstrated significant reductions in their targeted constructs over treatment, above TAU. Only reduction in craving was associated with reduced drinking days exp(
= 0.958,
= 0.003 and alcohol consumption exp(
= 0.962,
= 0.02. Significant indirect effects for the targeted craving module through craving reduction were identified for reduction in drinking days (β = -0.72, 95% CI = -1.50, -0.158) and alcohol consumption (β = -0.78, 95% CI = -1.72, -0.11).
In the context of a public health service, the effectiveness of individualized treatment targeting risk mechanisms identified during pre-treatment assessment was not confirmed. Some evidence was found for improved treatment response to the implementation of a manualized craving module when pre-treatment craving was high.
Modification of elevated positive expectations of alcohol consumption (alcohol outcome expectancies; AOEs) is a key feature of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) approaches to Alcohol Use Disorders ...(AUDs). Despite extensive research supporting the efficacy of CBT for AUD, few studies have examined AOE change. This study aimed to assess AOE change following completion of CBT for AUD and its association with drinking behaviour.
One-hundred and seventy-five patients who completed a 12-week CBT program for AUD were administered the Drinking Expectancy Questionnaire (DEQ) at pre-treatment assessment and upon completion of treatment. Abstinence was achieved by 108 (61.7%) of completing patients. For patients who lapsed, the mean proportion of abstinent days was 93%.
DEQ scales assessing expectations of positive alcohol effects on tension reduction, assertiveness, and cognitive enhancement were significantly lower post-treatment (p<0.001). Expectations of negative effects on mood were higher post-treatment (p<0.001). The largest AOE change occurred on the tension reduction scale. Greater percentage of abstinent days over treatment was associated with lower pre-and post-treatment tension reduction expectancy scores (p<0.05). Drinking during treatment was associated with smaller changes in expectations of negative effects of alcohol on mood (p<0.05).
Individuals who completed CBT treatment for AUD showed significant AOE change. Tension reduction and affective change expectancies may be particularly important for abstinence and useful markers of lapse risk.
•Changes in alcohol outcome expectations (AOEs) among patients treated for Alcohol Use Disorder were assessed.•Expectations that alcohol would positively affect assertiveness, tension reduction, and cognition were lower post-treatment.•Expectations that alcohol would negatively affect mood were more strongly endorsed post treatment.•Higher percentage of drinking days over treatment was associated with less change in expectation of negative effects on mood.•Higher tension reduction scores were related to more drinking behaviour over the course of treatment.
People with disabilities represent a large and often under-recognized minority population in the United States. Historically, negative healthcare provider perceptions and limited critical social ...determinants of health (including community living and education) have resulted in inequitable healthcare and access for this vulnerable group. Within the last 40 years, there have been some advances in legislation to improve access and support for those with disabilities. Since then, advances in accommodations have enabled better access to critical health-related resources and care. Continued forward progress and increased awareness are imperative to improve access, reduce disparities in healthcare, and combat discrimination.
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