We study analytically the collapse of an initially smooth, cold, self-gravitating collisionless system in one dimension. The system is described as a central 'S' shape in phase-space surrounded by a ...nearly stationary halo acting locally like a harmonic background on the S. To resolve the dynamics of the S under its self-gravity and under the influence of the halo, we introduce a novel approach using post-collapse Lagrangian perturbation theory. This approach allows us to follow the evolution of the system between successive crossing times and to describe in an iterative way the interplay between the central S and the halo. Our theoretical predictions are checked against measurements in entropy conserving numerical simulations based on the waterbag method. While our post-collapse Lagrangian approach does not allow us to compute rigorously the long-term behaviour of the system, i.e. after many crossing times, it explains the close to power-law behaviour of the projected density observed in numerical simulations. Pushing the model at late time suggests that the system could build at some point a very small flat core, but this is very speculative. This analysis shows that understanding the dynamics of initially cold systems requires a fine-grained approach for a correct description of their very central part. The analyses performed here can certainly be extended to spherical symmetry.
We explore the structure around the shell-crossing time of cold dark matter protohaloes seeded by two or three crossed sine waves of various relative initial amplitudes, by comparing Lagrangian ...perturbation theory (LPT) up to the tenth order with high-resolution cosmological simulations performed with the public Vlasov code ColDICE. Accurate analyses of the density, the velocity, and related quantities such as the vorticity are performed by exploiting the fact that ColDICE can follow the phase-space sheet locally at the quadratic level. To test LPT predictions beyond the shell-crossing, we employ a ballistic approximation, which assumes that the velocity field is frozen just after the shell-crossing. In the generic case, where the amplitudes of the sine waves are all different, high-order LPT predictions match the exact solution very well, even beyond collapse. As expected, convergence slows down when going from quasi-1D dynamics, where one wave dominates over the two others, to the axial-symmetric configuration, where all the amplitudes of the waves are equal. We also notice that LPT convergence is slower when considering velocity-related quantities. Additionally, the structure of the system at and beyond collapse given by LPT and the simulations agrees very well with singularity theory predictions, in particular with respect to the caustic and vorticity patterns that develop beyond collapse. Again, this does not apply to axial-symmetric configurations, which are still correct from the qualitative point of view, but rather when multiple foldings of the phase-space sheet produce very high density contrasts and hence a strong back-reaction of the gravitational force.
It is well known that the first structures that form from small fluctuations in a self-gravitating, collisionless, and initially smooth cold dark matter (CDM) fluid are pancakes. We studied the ...gravitational force generated by such pancakes just after shell crossing and have found a simple analytical formula for the force along the collapse direction, which can be applied to both the single- and multi-stream regimes. We tested the formula on the early growth of CDM proto-haloes seeded by two or three crossed sine waves. Adopting the high-order Lagrangian perturbation theory (LPT) solution as a proxy for the dynamics, we confirm that our analytical prediction agrees well with the exact solution computed via a direct resolution of the Poisson equation, as long as the local caustic structure remains sufficiently one-dimensional. These results are further confirmed by comparisons of the LPT predictions performed this way to measurements in Vlasov simulations performed with the public code
ColDICE
. We also show that the component of the force orthogonal to the collapse direction preserves its single-stream nature – it does not change qualitatively before or after the collapse – allowing sufficiently high-order LPT acceleration to be used to approximate it accurately as long as the LPT series converges. As expected, solving the Poisson equation on the density field generated with LPT displacement provides a more accurate force than the LPT acceleration itself, as a direct consequence of the faster convergence of the LPT series for the positions than for the accelerations. This may provide a clue as to how we can improve standard LPT predictions. Our investigations represent a very needed first step in the study of gravitational dynamics in the multi-stream regime analytically: we estimate, at the leading order in time and space, the proper backreaction on the gravitational field inside the pancakes.
Vlasov–Poisson in 1D: waterbags Colombi, Stéphane; Touma, Jihad
Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society,
07/2014, Letnik:
441, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
We revisit in one dimension the waterbag method to solve numerically Vlasov–Poisson equations. In this approach, the phase-space distribution function f (x, v) is initially sampled by an ensemble of ...patches, the waterbags, where f is assumed to be constant. As a consequence of Liouville theorem, it is only needed to follow the evolution of the border of these waterbags, which can be done by employing an orientated, self-adaptive polygon tracing isocontours of f. This method, which is entropy conserving in essence, is very accurate and can trace very well non-linear instabilities as illustrated by specific examples. As an application of the method, we generate an ensemble of single-waterbag simulations with decreasing thickness to perform a convergence study to the cold case. Our measurements show that the system relaxes to a steady state where the gravitational potential profile is a power law of slowly varying index β, with β close to 3/2 as found in the literature. However, detailed analysis of the properties of the gravitational potential shows that at the centre, β > 1.54. Moreover, our measurements are consistent with the value β = 8/5 = 1.6 that can be analytically derived by assuming that the average of the phase-space density per energy level obtained at crossing times is conserved during the mixing phase. These results are incompatible with the logarithmic slope of the projected density profile β − 2 ≃ −0.47 obtained recently by Schulz et al. using an N-body technique. This sheds again strong doubts on the capability of N-body techniques to converge to the correct steady state expected in the continuous limit.
A method to rapidly estimate the Fourier power spectrum of a point distribution is presented. This method relies on a Taylor expansion of the trigonometric functions. It yields the Fourier modes from ...a number of fast Fourier transforms (FFTs), which is controlled by the order N of the expansion and by the dimension D of the system. In three dimensions, for the practical value N= 3, the number of FFTs required is 20. We apply the method to the measurement of the power spectrum of a periodic point distribution that is a local Poisson realization of an underlying stationary field. We derive an explicit analytic expression for the spectrum, which allows us to quantify – and correct for – the biases induced by discreteness and by the truncation of the Taylor expansion, and to bound the unknown effects of aliasing of the power spectrum. We show that these aliasing effects decrease rapidly with the order N. For N= 3, they are expected to be, respectively, smaller than ∼10−4 and 0.02 at half the Nyquist frequency and at the Nyquist frequency of the grid used to perform the FFTs. The only remaining significant source of errors is reduced to the unavoidable cosmic/sample variance due to the finite size of the sample. The analytical calculations are successfully checked against a cosmological N-body experiment. We also consider the initial conditions of this simulation, which correspond to a perturbed grid. This allows us to test a case where the local Poisson assumption is incorrect. Even in that extreme situation, the third-order Fourier–Taylor estimator behaves well, with aliasing effects restrained to at most the per cent level at half the Nyquist frequency. We also show how to reach arbitrarily large dynamic range in Fourier space (i.e. high wavenumber), while keeping statistical errors in control, by appropriately ‘folding’ the particle distribution.
Resolving numerically Vlasov–Poisson equations for initially cold systems can be reduced to following the evolution of a three-dimensional sheet evolving in six-dimensional phase-space. We describe a ...public parallel numerical algorithm consisting in representing the phase-space sheet with a conforming, self-adaptive simplicial tessellation of which the vertices follow the Lagrangian equations of motion. The algorithm is implemented both in six- and four-dimensional phase-space. Refinement of the tessellation mesh is performed using the bisection method and a local representation of the phase-space sheet at second order relying on additional tracers created when needed at runtime. In order to preserve in the best way the Hamiltonian nature of the system, refinement is anisotropic and constrained by measurements of local Poincaré invariants. Resolution of Poisson equation is performed using the fast Fourier method on a regular rectangular grid, similarly to particle in cells codes. To compute the density projected onto this grid, the intersection of the tessellation and the grid is calculated using the method of Franklin and Kankanhalli 65–67 generalised to linear order. As preliminary tests of the code, we study in four dimensional phase-space the evolution of an initially small patch in a chaotic potential and the cosmological collapse of a fluctuation composed of two sinusoidal waves. We also perform a “warm” dark matter simulation in six-dimensional phase-space that we use to check the parallel scaling of the code.
Abstract
We develop a new perturbation theory (PT) treatment that can describe gravitational dynamics of large-scale structure after shell-crossing in the one-dimensional cosmological case. Starting ...with cold initial conditions, the motion of matter distribution follows at early stages the single-stream regime, which can, in one dimension, be described exactly by the first-order Lagrangian perturbation, i.e. the Zel'dovich solution. However, the single-stream flow no longer holds after shell-crossing and a proper account of the multistream flow is essential for post-collapse dynamics. In this paper, extending previous work by Colombi, we present a perturbative description for the multistream flow after shell-crossing in a cosmological setup. In addition, we introduce an adaptive smoothing scheme to deal with the bulk properties of phase-space structures. The filtering scales in this scheme are linked to the next-crossing time in the post-collapse region, estimated from our PT calculations. Our PT treatment combined with adaptive smoothing is illustrated in several cases. Predictions are compared to simulations and we find that post-collapse PT with adaptive smoothing reproduces the power spectrum and phase-space structures remarkably well even at small scales, where Zel'dovich solution substantially deviates from simulations.
ABSTRACT
Using the Lyman α (Lyα) Mass Association Scheme, we make theoretical predictions for the three-dimensional three-point correlation function (3PCF) of the Lyα forest at redshift z = 2.3. We ...bootstrap results from the (100 h−1 Mpc)3 Horizon hydrodynamic simulation to a (1 h−1 Gpc)3N-body simulation, considering both a uniform ultraviolet background (UVB) and a fluctuating UVB sourced by quasars with a comoving nq ≈ 10−5h3 Mpc−3 placed either in massive haloes or randomly. On scales of 10–30 h−1 Mpc, the flux 3PCF displays hierarchical scaling with the square of the two-point correlation function (2PCF), but with an unusual value of Q ≡ ζ123/(ξ12ξ13 + ξ12ξ23 + ξ13ξ23) ≈ −4.5 that reflects the low bias of the Lyα forest and the anticorrelation between mass density and transmitted flux. For halo-based quasars and an ionizing photon mean free path of λ = 300 h−1 Mpc comoving, UVB fluctuations moderately depress the 2PCF and 3PCF, with cancelling effects on Q. For λ = 100 or 50 h−1 Mpc, UVB fluctuations substantially boost the 2PCF and 3PCF on large scales, shifting the hierarchical ratio to Q ≈ −3. We scale our simulation results to derive rough estimate of the detectability of the 3PCF in current and future observational data sets for the redshift range z = 2.1–2.6. At r = 10 and 20 h−1 Mpc, we predict a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of ∼9 and ∼7, respectively, for both Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS) and extended BOSS (eBOSS), and ∼37 and ∼25 for Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI). At r = 40 h−1 Mpc the predicted SNR is lower by a factor of ∼3–5. Measuring the flux 3PCF would provide a novel test of the conventional paradigm of the Lyα forest and help separate the contributions of UVB fluctuations and density fluctuations to Lyα forest clustering, thereby solidifying its foundation as a tool of precision cosmology.
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