A partir dos anos 90, em face da menor participação do Estado na economiae, conseqüentemente, no setor agrícola, a política governamental passou a disponibilizar,como alternativa, novas formas de ...apoio à agricultura, com redução de recursos públicos.Quanto à comercialização agrícola, optou-se pela criação de instrumentos maismodernos, em parceira com a iniciativa privada, dentre eles, os Contratos de Opção deVenda, implantados sob a forma de um seguro de preços para o produtor rural. Nesteestudo, procurou-se analisar o desempenho deste instrumento de comercialização nosmercados de trigo, arroz e milho. Verificou-se, em todos os mercados analisados, sensívelredução da participação do governo na comercialização agrícola por meio dos instrumentostradicionais, com opções por ações que implicassem redução nos gastos comrecursos públicos. Constatou-se atuação dos Contratos de Opção de Venda ainda muitorestrita tanto no volume comercializado quanto na abrangência regional. Verificou-se,também, que os lançamentos não são sistemáticos e contínuos, o que dificulta conclusõesa respeito de sua eficácia como mecanismo de estabilização de preço, quantidadeproduzida e renda.
Abstract Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease that occurs worldwide and is caused by pathogenic bacteria of the genus Leptospira. Clinical manifestations of leptospirosis are similar to other febrile ...illnesses and this fact frequently retards the beginning of antibiotic therapy. Thus, early and accurate diagnosis is a prerequisite for proper treatment of leptospirosis. Antigen and DNA-based detection tests offer potential advantage over tests based on antibody detection for early diagnosis of leptospirosis since antibodies only reach detectable levels several days after the onset of the infection. This work describes a method for detection of pathogenic Leptospira that associates an immunoseparation step with a PCR assay and uses an internal amplification control (IAC) to ensure accuracy of the test. The immunoseparation was performed with protein A-magnetic beads in house coated with an MAb specific for LipL32, the major outer membrane protein of pathogenic Leptospira; PCR was performed using lipL32 specific primers. The IMS-PCR method enhanced detection of Leptospira in experimentally contaminated human sera and urine when compared to PCR performed alone. IMS-PCR was able to detect 10(2) Leptospira cells per mL of human sera and urine, corresponding to 25 genomic copies per PCR reaction.
The present paper aims to identify some aspects of the firms at food sector related to technological innovations, exportation, employment and also questions related to food safety. At first, it was ...done a study with data, trying to identify which sub-sectors are most innovative and which are the main aspects that influence the innovative process. The main results are: the national consumers have an important role in the probability of national firms to make innovation, the exportation do not explain the probability to make innovation and the investment in human capital (education) is important to increase the firms probability to make innovative activities and to export. Another item that was also analyzed was the food safety, traceability and the important role played by national consumers. Finally, which concerns to questions relate to certification, this work concludes that these questions become very important for the food industry. In this sense, these industries should make an effort in order to attend international standards, mainly if they want to participate in the international scenario
Tryptophan participates on several physiological mechanisms of the neuroendocrine-immune network and plays a critical role in macrophages and lymphocytes function. This study intended to evaluate the ...modulatory effects of dietary tryptophan on the European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) immune status, inflammatory response and disease resistance to Photobacterium damselae piscicida. A tryptophan deficient diet (NTRP); a control diet (CTRL); and two other diets supplemented with tryptophan at 0.13% (TRP13) and 0.17% (TRP17) of feed weight were formulated. Fish were sampled at 2 and 4 weeks of feeding and the remaining were i.p. injected with Phdp (3 × 10
cfu/fish) at 4 weeks and the inflammatory response (at 4, 24, 48 and 72 hours post-infection) as well as survival were evaluated. Results suggest that fish immune status was not altered in a tryptophan deficient scenario whereas in response to an inflammatory insult, plasma cortisol levels increased and the immune cell response was compromised, which translated in a lower disease resistance. When dietary tryptophan was offered 30% above its requirement level, plasma cortisol increased and, in response to bacterial infection, a decrease in lymphocytes, monocytes/macrophages and several immune-related genes was observed, also compromising at some degree fish disease resistance.
O conteúdo de noradrenalina do hipotálamo e do tronco encefálico de ratos controle e inoculados com a cepa Y (300.000 tripomastigotas, i.p.) de Trypanosoma cruzi foi medido pela técnica fluorimétrica ...de Anton e Sayre. Os animais foram sacrificados 20 e 32 dias depois da inoculação. Para avaliação do grau de desnervação simpática do coração dos animais infectados, a aurícula direita foi observada com microscópio de fluorescência após tratamento histoquímieo pela técnica do ácido glioxílico. O conteúdo de noradrenalina do hipotálamo e do tronco encefálico dos animais infectados não diferiu do medido nos animais controle. Contudo, um quase completo desaparecimento das fibras adrenérgicas foi observado no coração dos animais chagásicos, sugerindo que o mechanismo envolvido na lesão discrimina neurônios adrenérgicos centrais e periféricos.Noradrenaline was assayed fluorimetrically in the hypothalamus and brainstem of rats killed 20 and 32 days after inoculation with the Y strain of T. cruzi (300,000 trypomastigotes i.p.). In these animals and their normal controls the right atrial appendages were submitted to the glyoxilic acid fluorescence technique for the demonstration of noradrenergic nerves. The noradrenaline content of the brain-stem and hypothalamus of the infected animals was not significantly different from that of controls. In the atrial appendages, however, an almost complete noradrenergic denervation was observed. This result indicates that the mechanism involved in neuronal lesion in Chagas'disease discriminates between peripheral and central noradrenergic neurons.
O conteúdo de noradrenalina do hipotálamo e do tronco encefálico de ratos controle e inoculados com a cepa Y (300.000 tripomastigotas, i.p.) de Trypanosoma cruzi foi medido pela técnica fluorimétrica ...de Anton e Sayre. Os animais foram sacrificados 20 e 32 dias depois da inoculação. Para avaliação do grau de desnervação simpática do coração dos animais infectados, a aurícula direita foi observada com microscópio de fluorescência após tratamento histoquímieo pela técnica do ácido glioxílico. O conteúdo de noradrenalina do hipotálamo e do tronco encefálico dos animais infectados não diferiu do medido nos animais controle. Contudo, um quase completo desaparecimento das fibras adrenérgicas foi observado no coração dos animais chagásicos, sugerindo que o mechanismo envolvido na lesão discrimina neurônios adrenérgicos centrais e periféricos.
Noradrenaline was assayed fluorimetrically in the hypothalamus and brainstem of rats killed 20 and 32 days after inoculation with the Y strain of T. cruzi (300,000 trypomastigotes i.p.). In these animals and their normal controls the right atrial appendages were submitted to the glyoxilic acid fluorescence technique for the demonstration of noradrenergic nerves. The noradrenaline content of the brain-stem and hypothalamus of the infected animals was not significantly different from that of controls. In the atrial appendages, however, an almost complete noradrenergic denervation was observed. This result indicates that the mechanism involved in neuronal lesion in Chagas'disease discriminates between peripheral and central noradrenergic neurons.
Pterodon emarginatus Vogel is a Brazilian species that belongs to the family Fabaceae, popularly known as sucupira. Its oil has several biological activities, including potent larvicidal property ...against Aedes aegypti. This insect is the vector of dengue, a tropical disease that has been considered a critical health problem in developing countries, such as Brazil. Most of dengue control methods involve larvicidal agents suspended or diluted in water and making active lipophilic natural products available is therefore considered a technological challenge. In this context, nanoemulsions appear as viable alternatives to solve this major problem. The present study describes the development of a novel nanoemulsion with larvicidal activity against A. aegypti along with the required Hydrophile Lipophile Balance determination of this oil. It was suggested that the mechanism of action might involve reversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and our results also suggest that the P. emarginatus nanoemulsion is not toxic for mammals. Thus, it contributes significantly to alternative integrative practices of dengue control, as well as to develop sucupira based nanoproducts for application in aqueous media.
The molecular profile of 30
Moraxella bovis strains, recovered from outbreaks of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis in Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay between 1974 and 2001, was determined through ...randomly applied polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. Molecular profiles of nine strains recovered after 1990 varied from those recovered before 1990. The profiles of 13 strains (48%) differed from those of three vaccinal strains extensively used since 1984 in Argentina and Uruguay. Eight Argentinean strains, one from Brazil and two from Uruguay had identical RAPD profiles. Strains belonging to different serogroups had identical RAPD profiles, demonstrating that this technique was not able to discriminate among strains with low cross-reactivity indices. RAPD may be helpful in the primary characterization of
M. bovis strains, but it does not replace serological characterization.
Tetragonisca angustula honey was fractioned in a SiO2 column to furnish three fractions (A–C) in which four hydroxycinnamic acid‐Spermidine amides (HCAAs), known as N′, N″, N‴—tris‐p‐coumaroyl ...spermidine, N′, N″—dicaffeoyl, N‴—coumaroyl spermidine, N′, N″, N‴—tris‐caffeoyl spermidine and N′, N″—dicaffeoyl and N‴—feruloyl spermidine were identified in the fractions B and C by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. A primary culture model previously infected with Neospora caninum (72 h) was used to evaluate the honey fractions (A–C) for two‐time intervals: 24 and 72 h. Parasitic reduction ranged from 38% on fraction C (12.5 µg/ml), after 24 h, to 54% and 41% with fractions B and C (25 µg/ml) after 72 h of treatment, respectively. Additionally, HCAAs did not show any cell toxicity for 24 and 72 h. For infected cultures (72 h), the active fractions B (12.5 µg/ml) and C (25 µg/ml) decreased their NO content. In silico studies suggest that HCAAs may affect the parasite's redox pathway and improve the oxidative effect of NO released from infected cells. Here, we presented for the first time, that HCAAs from T. angustula honey have the potential to inhibit the growth of N. caninum protozoa.
Tetragonisca angustula honey contain hydroxicinnamic acid – spermidine amides. Hydroxycinnamic acid‐Spermidine amides inhibited the TcTR and PfGR enzymes of the Neospora caninum's redox pathway. The HCAAs reduced the amount of N. caninum tachyzoites in glial cells by up to 54%.
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