Using the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), we have carried out a survey of candidate preplanetary nebulae (PPNs). We report here our discoveries of objects having well-resolved geometric structures, and ...we use the large sample of PPNs now imaged with HST (including previously studied objects in this class) to devise a comprehensive morphological classification system for this category of objects. The wide variety of aspherical morphologies which we have found for PPNs are qualitatively similar to those found for young planetary nebulae (PNs) in previous surveys. We also find prominent halos surrounding the central aspherical shapes in many of our objects; these are direct signatures of the undisturbed circumstellar envelopes of the progenitor AGB stars. Although the majority of these have surface brightness distributions consistent with a constant mass-loss rate with a constant expansion velocity, there are also examples of objects with varying mass-loss rates. As in our surveys of young PNs, we find no round PPNs. The similarities in morphologies between our survey objects and young PNs supports the view that the former are the progenitors of aspherical PNs. This suggests that the primary shaping of a PN does not occur during the PN phase via the fast radiative wind of the hot central star, but significantly earlier in its evolution.
PURPOSE OF REVIEWEnteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) is an important diarrheal pathogen of young children. As the diagnosis of EPEC is now based mainly on molecular criteria, there has been an ...important change in its prevalence. The purpose of this study is to review the current epidemiology of EPEC infection and the new insights into its physiopathology.
RECENT FINDINGSRecent epidemiological studies indicate that atypical EPEC (aEPEC) is more prevalent than typical EPEC (tEPEC) in both developed and developing countries, and that aEPEC is important in both pediatric endemic diarrhea and diarrhea outbreaks. Therefore, it is important to further characterize the pathogenicity of these emerging strains. The virulence mechanisms and physiopathology of the attaching and effacing lesion (A/E) and the type three secretion-system (T3SS) are complex but well studied. A/E strains use their pool of locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE)-encoded and non-LEE-encoded effector proteins to subvert and modulate cellular and barrier properties of the host. However, the exact mechanisms of diarrhea in EPEC infection are not completely understood.
SUMMARYRemarkable progress has been made to identify virulence determinants required to mediate the pathogenesis of EPEC. However, fast, easy, and inexpensive diagnostic methods are needed in order to define optimal treatment and prevention for children in endemic areas.
Este trabajo surge de la voluntad de plantear nuevas líneas de investigación en la Historia Jurídico-Institucional del virreinato novohispano en el siglo xvi. La ciudad se convierte en el elemento ...vertebrador del territorio y del gobierno, en ella, la mixtura de lo medieval castellano con lo prehispánico es una constante claramente perceptible en los rituales y fastos religiosos. Así el estudio de la instauración de determinadas advocaciones religiosas que se convierten en patronas de la ciudad (San Hipólito, La Virgen de los Remedios, y el culto guadalupano) permiten abordar las actividades económicas y devocionales en el ámbito urbano, a la vez que facilitan la comprensión de comportamientos de cohesión social entre la élite ciudadana que constituía el Cabildo y personificaba a la Ciudad, para la defensa de su preeminencia y honor frente a lo más granado de las autoridades virreinales.
Appropriate management of people exposed in the home to tuberculosis is essential to prevent morbidity. These household contacts, particularly children, should receive preventive therapy to prevent ...them from falling ill. However, few people receive preventive therapy worldwide. We sought to determine whether a community-based accompaniment intervention could improve tuberculosis contact management.
We conducted a prospective cohort study of household contacts of tuberculosis patients who initiated treatment during September 2015-June 2016 in Lima, Peru. Enrolled households received an intervention comprising home visits, transport vouchers, assistance coordinating evaluation procedures, and adherence support during preventive therapy. To evaluate the impact of the intervention, we conducted retrospective chart reviews of all patients initiating treatment during 6-month baseline and intervention periods.
We enrolled 314 household contacts of 109 index patients. Of these, 283 (90%) completed evaluation, and 4 (1%) were diagnosed with tuberculosis. Preventive therapy was prescribed for 35/38 (92%) contacts 0-19 years old who were eligible under Peruvian guidelines. Preventive therapy was also prescribed for 6/26 (23%) contacts with unknown eligibility due to lack of a tuberculin skin test (TST), and 20/69 (29%) who were ineligible either because of a negative TST result or exposure to a drug-resistant or extrapulmonary case. Of the 61 contacts who were prescribed preventive therapy, 57 (93%) initiated treatment, and 51 (91%) completed treatment. The proportion of contacts who completed evaluation increased from 42% during the baseline period to 71% during the evaluation period (risk ratio RR = 1.73, 95% confidence interval 95% CI: 1.41-2.13). The proportion of contacts who initiated preventive therapy increased from 15% to 40% (RR = 2.45, 95% CI: 1.42-4.22).
Accompaniment of TB patient households greatly improved the evaluation of household contacts for TB and increased the use of preventive therapy.
This study determined the effect of the incorporation of micronized salt on physicochemical, yield and consumer's sensory characteristics of beef burger. The micronized salt was obtained by sieving ...the commercial salt in a 60-mesh stainless steel sieve. The commercial (regular salt) and micronized salt presented differences in the mean size, size distribution and bulk density. Half of the amount of the micronized salt was mixed with pork back fat, and the other half was added to the meat batter in the beef burger manufacture. A Pivot profile method was used with consumers to describe the sensory properties of the burger samples (ranging from 0.5% to 1.5% NaCl). The Pivot profile data revealed that treatments with 0.75% and 0.5% micronized salt were mainly characterized as dry, besides showing the highest cooking loss and diameter reduction. However, beef burgers with 1.0% micronized salt and 1.5% regular salt had similar perceived salty taste. In terms of salt reduction, the results indicated that it would be possible to reduce salt from 1.5% to 1.0% when using micronized salt, without affecting the pH, color parameters, yield properties and some sensory characteristics of the burger, such as salty, tasty, juicy, fatty, and spicy. Therefore, this strategy promises great potential for industrial application in products that contain lipids in their composition, such as meat products.
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•Micronized salt (MS) was used to reduce sodium in beef burger.•Half of the MS was mixed with pork back fat.•Treatments with 1.0% and 1.5% salt showed similar characteristics.•Salt reduction (33%) using MS did not affect the salty taste of beef burger.•It is suggested the industrial application of MS for products containing lipids.
The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of reducing the content and size of NaCl on the instrumental texture and dynamic sensory profile, and to determine the temporal drivers of ...liking (TDL). The reduction of the NaCl content decreased the hardness and chewiness parameters, and affected the dynamic sensory profile of the product. The NaCl reduction (<1.0% NaCl) was related to a higher incidence of the attributes off-flavor and dry. In general, the overall liking was driven by the juicy and tasty attributes, the latter being associated with the presence of the sensory attributes salty and seasoned and the texture parameters hardness and chewiness. According to the results, among the treatments with NaCl reduction, the beef burger added with 1.0% micronized salt stood out, since it did not affect considerably the texture parameters, the dynamic sensory profile during chewing and the consumers' liking.
Abstract
The planetary nebula (PN) NGC 3132 is a striking example of the dramatic but poorly understood mass-loss phenomena that (1–8)
M
⊙
stars undergo during their death throes as they evolve into ...white dwarfs (WDs). From an analysis of JWST multiwavelength (0.9–18
μ
m) imaging of NGC 3132, we report the discovery of an extended dust cloud around the WD central star (CS) of NGC 3132, seen most prominently in the 18
μ
m image, with a surface-brightness-limited radial extent of ≳2″. We show that the A2V star located 1.″7 to CS’s northeast (and 0.75 kpc from Earth) is gravitationally bound to the latter, as evidenced by the detection of relative orbital angular motion of 0.°24 ± 0.°045 between these stars over ∼20 yr. Using aperture photometry of the CS extracted from the JWST images, together with published optical photometry and an archival UV spectrum, we have constructed the spectral energy distribution (SED) of the CS and its extended emission over the UV to mid-IR (0.091–18
μ
m) range. We find that fitting the SED of the CS and the radial intensity distributions at 7.7, 12.8, and 18
μ
m with thermal emission from dust requires a cloud that extends to a radius of ≳1785 au, with a dust mass of ∼1.3 × 10
−2
M
⊕
and grains that are 70% silicate and 30% amorphous carbon. We propose plausible origins of the dust cloud and an evolutionary scenario in which a system of three stars—the CS, a close low-mass companion, and a more distant A2V star—forms a stable hierarchical triple system on the main sequence but becomes dynamically unstable later, resulting in the spectacular mass ejections that form the current, multipolar PN.
The quality of beef, defined by key attributes such as the intrinsic sensory qualities texture, flavour, and juiciness, is shaped by various intrinsic and extrinsic factors. This study conducted a ...detailed examination of Nellore beef, focusing on two categories based on ultimate pH (pHu) levels: intermediate (pHu ≥ 5.8) and normal (pHu < 5.6) beef. A comprehensive approach was taken, involving twenty trained assessors who applied the Optimised Descriptive Profile (ODP) method to evaluate grilled striploin steak samples. In parallel, consumer preferences were measured through a hedonic test and a Check-all-that-apply (CATA) task, involving 135 participants. The ODP results revealed that the intermediate pHu samples were juicier (P < 0.05) compared to the normal pHu group. The CATA analysis highlighted differences in both intermediate and normal pHu beef, especially in juiciness, a crucial factor for consumer satisfaction. Notably, variations in deoxymyoglobin content linked to ageing were observed, with higher levels at the 3
day compared to the 28
day, especially in the intermediate pHu samples (P < 0.05). Moreover, colour-related aspects such as L*, b*, chroma (C*), and oxymyoglobin were significantly influenced (P < 0.05) by both the pHu category and ageing time. Regarding consumer acceptance, the study found no significant difference in perception between the intermediate and normal pHu groups (P > 0.05). These findings revealed the complex interactions between pHu levels, sensory characteristics, and consumer preferences in beef quality, offering valuable insights for both the industry and research community.
We present interferometric and single-dish molecular line observations of the interstellar bullet-outflow source IRAS 05506+2414, whose wide-angle bullet spray is similar to the Orion BN/KL explosive ...outflow and likely arises from an entirely different mechanism than the classical accretion-disk-driven bipolar flows in young stellar objects. The bullet-outflow source is associated with a large pseudo-disk and three molecular outflows-a high-velocity outflow (HVO), a medium-velocity outflow (MVO), and a slow, extended outflow (SEO). The size (mass) of the pseudo-disk is 10,350 au × 6400 au (0.64-0.17 M ); from a model-fit assuming infall and rotation, we derive a central stellar mass of 8-19 M . The HVO (MVO) has an angular size ∼5180 (∼3330) au and a projected outflow velocity of ∼140 km s−1 (∼30 km s−1). The SEO size (outflow speed) is ∼0.9 pc (∼6 km s−1). The HVO's axis is aligned with (orthogonal to) that of the SEO (pseudo-disk). The velocity structure of the MVO is unresolved. The scalar momenta in the HVO and SEO are very similar, suggesting that the SEO has resulted from the HVO interacting with ambient-cloud material. The bullet spray shares a common axis with the pseudo-disk and has an age comparable to that of MVO (few hundred years), suggesting that these three structures are intimately linked. We discuss several models for the outflows in IRAS 05506+2414 (including dynamical decay of a stellar cluster, chance encounter of a runaway star with a dense cloud, and close passage of two protostars), and conclude that second-epoch imaging to derive proper motions of the bullets and nearby stars can help to discriminate between them.
This study aimed to evaluate for the first time the temporal dynamic changes in early postmortem proteome of normal and high ultimate pH (pHu) beef samples from the same cattle using a shotgun ...proteomics approach. Ten selected carcasses classified as normal (pHu < 5.8; n = 5) or high (pHu ≥ 6.2; n = 5) pHu beef from pasture-finished Nellore (Bos taurus indicus) bulls were sampled from Longissimus thoracis muscle at 30 min, 9 h and 44 h postmortem for proteome comparison. The temporal proteomics profiling quantified 863 proteins, from which 251 were differentially abundant (DAPs) between high and normal pHu at 30 min (n = 33), 9 h (n = 181) and 44 h (n = 37). Among the myriad interconnected pathways regulating pH decline during postmortem metabolism, this study revealed the pivotal role of energy metabolism, cellular response to stress, oxidoreductase activity and muscle system process pathways throughout the early postmortem. Twenty-three proteins overlap among postmortem times and may be suggested as candidate biomarkers to the dark-cutting condition development. The study further evidenced for the first time the central role of ribosomal proteins and histones in the first minutes after animal bleeding. Moreover, this study revealed the disparity in the mechanisms underpinning the development of dark-cutting beef condition among postmortem times, emphasizing multiple dynamic changes in the muscle proteome. Therefore, this study revealed important insights regarding the temporal dynamic changes that occur in early postmortem of high and normal muscle pHu beef, proposing specific pathways to determine the biological mechanisms behind dark-cutting determination.
•In-depth proteomics exploration of dark-cutting beef condition using three muscle sampling times taken early postmortem.•251 proteins were differentially abundant creating the most comprehensive interconnected pathways of high-pHu beef.•Energy metabolism, cellular stress response and oxidoreductase activity play pivotal roles.•Ribosomal proteins and histones play pivotal role in dark-cutting beef development.•Pathways are proposed to determine the biological mechanisms behind dark-cutting beef of Nellore cattle.
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