Protected areas are intended to safeguard biodiversity in perpetuity, yet evidence suggests that widespread legal changes undermine protected area durability and efficacy. We documented these legal ...changes-protected area downgrading, downsizing, and degazettement (PADDD) events-in the United States and Amazonian countries and compiled available data globally. Governments of the United States and Amazonian countries enacted 269 and 440 PADDD events, respectively. Between 1892 and 2018, 73 countries enacted 3749 PADDD events, removing 519,857 square kilometers from protection and tempering regulations in an additional 1,659,972 square kilometers; 78% of events were enacted since 2000. Most PADDD events (62%) are associated with industrial-scale resource extraction and development, suggesting that PADDD may compromise biodiversity conservation objectives. Strategic policy responses are needed to address PADDD and sustain effective protected areas.
Seizure forecasting and cyclic control of seizures Stirling, Rachel E.; Cook, Mark J.; Grayden, David B. ...
Epilepsia,
February 2021, 2021-Feb, 2021-02-00, 20210201, Letnik:
62, Številka:
S1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Epilepsy is a unique neurologic condition characterized by recurrent seizures, where causes, underlying biomarkers, triggers, and patterns differ across individuals. The unpredictability of seizures ...can heighten fear and anxiety in people with epilepsy, making it difficult to take part in day‐to‐day activities. Epilepsy researchers have prioritized developing seizure prediction algorithms to combat episodic seizures for decades, but the utility and effectiveness of prediction algorithms has not been investigated thoroughly in clinical settings. In contrast, seizure forecasts, which theoretically provide the probability of a seizure at any time (as opposed to predicting the next seizure occurrence), may be more feasible. Many advances have been made over the past decade in the field of seizure forecasting, including improvements in algorithms as a result of machine learning and exploration of non–EEG‐based measures of seizure susceptibility, such as physiological biomarkers, behavioral changes, environmental drivers, and cyclic seizure patterns. For example, recent work investigating periodicities in individual seizure patterns has determined that more than 90% of people have circadian rhythms in their seizures, and many also experience multiday, weekly, or longer cycles. Other potential indicators of seizure susceptibility include stress levels, heart rate, and sleep quality, all of which have the potential to be captured noninvasively over long time scales. There are many possible applications of a seizure‐forecasting device, including improving quality of life for people with epilepsy, guiding treatment plans and medication titration, optimizing presurgical monitoring, and focusing scientific research. To realize this potential, it is vital to better understand the user requirements of a seizure‐forecasting device, continue to advance forecasting algorithms, and design clear guidelines for prospective clinical trials of seizure forecasting.
Recent studies have documented worrisome levels of hesitancy and resistance to the COVID-19 vaccine, including within the adolescent population. In this study, we examined attitudinal (perceived ...severity of COVID-19, vaccine-related concerns) and interpersonal (parent and peer norms) antecedents of adolescents' intentions to receive the COVID-19 vaccine.
Participants were 916 adolescents (aged 12–17 years) from across the United States (47.3% male) representing diverse ethnic and socioeconomic backgrounds (26% African-American, 22% Hispanic/Latinx, 35% white, 7% Asian American). They completed a survey on their experiences and attitudes surrounding COVID-19 and the COVID-19 vaccine.
Parent and peer norms were distinct predictors of adolescent willingness to receive the vaccine. These norms were associated with vaccine intentions directly and indirectly through adolescents' beliefs about the vaccine's safety, efficacy, and necessity. Parent norms in particular displayed large effect sizes and explained considerable variance in adolescents' vaccine intentions.
Parents and friends—who figure as adolescents' most salient interpersonal relationships—are key leveraging points in promoting adolescents' uptake of the COVID-19 vaccine. Norm interventions and family-based interventions may be successful in this regard.
Protected areas (PAs) are expected to conserve nature and provide ecosystem services in perpetuity, yet widespread protected area downgrading, downsizing, and degazettement (PADDD) may compromise ...these objectives. Even iconic protected areas are vulnerable to PADDD, although these PADDD events are often unrecognized. We identified 23 enacted and proposed PADDD events within World Natural Heritage Sites and examined the history, context, and consequences of PADDD events in 4 iconic PAs (Yosemite National Park, Arabian Oryx Sanctuary, Yasuní National Park, and Virunga National Park). Based on insights from published research and international workshops, these 4 cases revealed the diverse pressures brought on by competing interests to develop or exploit natural landscapes and the variety of mechanisms that enables PADDD. Knowledge gaps exist in understanding of the conditions through which development pressures translate to PADDD events and their impacts, partially due to a lack of comprehensive PADDD records. Future research priorities should include comprehensive regional and country‐level profiles and analysis of risks, impacts, and contextual factors related to PADDD. Policy options to better govern PADDD include improving tracking and reporting of PADDD events, establishing transparent PADDD policy processes, coordinating among legal frameworks, and mitigating negative impacts of PADDD. To support PADDD research and policy reforms, enhanced human and financial capacities are needed to train local researchers and to host publicly accessible data. As the conservation community considers the achievements of Aichi Target 11 and moves toward new biodiversity targets beyond 2020, researchers, practitioners, and policy makers need to work together to better track, assess, and govern PADDD globally.
Cambios de Categoría, Reducción del Tamaño y Eliminación de las Listas de Protección como Amenazas para las Áreas Protegidas Icónicas
Resumen
Se espera que las áreas protegidas (PAs, en inglés) conserven la naturaleza y proporcionen servicios ambientales a perpetuidad, sin embargo las extensas prácticas de reducción del tamaño, eliminación de las listas de protección y cambios de categoría de las áreas protegidas (PADDD, en inglés) pueden poner en riesgo a estos objetivos. Incluso las áreas protegidas icónicas son vulnerables a los PADDD, aunque estos eventos de PADDD comúnmente no se reconocen. Identificamos 23 eventos de PADDDD promulgados y propuestos dentro de sitios de Patrimonio Natural Mundial y examinamos la historia, el contexto y las consecuencias de los eventos PADDD en cuatro PAs icónicas (el Parque Nacional Yosemite, el Santuario del Oryx Árabe, el Parque Nacional Yasuní y el Parque Nacional Virunga). Con base en el conocimiento obtenido de investigaciones publicadas y talleres internacionales, estos cuatro casos revelaron las diferentes presiones que traen consigo los intereses en competencia por desarrollar o explotar los paisajes naturales y la variedad de mecanismos que faciliten las PADDD. Existen vacíos de conocimiento en el entendimiento de las condiciones a través de las cuales las presiones del desarrollo se transforman en eventos PADDD y los impactos que tienen, parcialmente debido a la falta de registros completos de los eventos PADDD. Las prioridades de las próximas investigaciones deberían incluir perfiles completos a nivel regional y nacional y un análisis de riesgo, impactos y factores contextuales relacionados con los PADDD. Las opciones políticas para gobernar de mejor manera los PADDD incluyen la mejora del rastreo y del reporte de eventos PADDD, el establecimiento de procesos políticos transparentes para los PADDD, la coordinación entre los marcos de trabajo legales y la mitigación de los impactos negativos de los PADDD. Para apoyar la investigación de los PADDD y las reformas políticas se requiere de una mayor capacidad humana y financiera para entrenar a los investigadores locales y para acoger datos accesibles para el público. Conforme la comunidad de la conservación considera los logros del Objetivo 11 de Aichi y se posiciona hacia nuevos objetivos para la biodiversidad más allá del 2020, los investigadores, los practicantes y los legisladores necesitan trabajar en conjunto para rastrear, evaluar y gobernar de mejor manera los PADDD a nivel mundial.
摘要
建立保护区 (PA) 的初衷是永久性地保护自然和提供生态系统服务, 然而广泛的保护区降级、缩减和撤销 (PADDD) 或将危及这些目标。即便是标志性的保护区也未必免于 PADDD, 尽管这些PADDD未被注意。我们确认了发生于世界自然遗产地中的 23 起 PADDD 事件, 并分析了四个标志性保护区 (优胜美地国家公园、阿拉伯羚羊保护区、亚苏尼国家公园和维龙加国家公园) 中的 PADDD 事件及其历史、背景和后果。基于已发表的研究和研讨会中的见解, 这 4 个案例进一步揭示了各种开发利用自然的压力、不同利益间的讨价还价、和实现 PADDD 的多种机制。对于在何种情况下这些开发压力会转换为 PADDD 事件并导致何种影响, 我们的理解还存在缺口, 部分原因是缺乏相对完整的 PADDD 记录。未来的研究重点应当包括建立完整的区域及国家的 PADDD 概况, 分析 PADDD 的风险、影响和相关的情景因素。更好管治 PADDD 的政策则包括优化对 PADDD 事件的记录和报告, 建立透明的 PADDD 政策流程, 协调法律框架以及减缓PADDD的负面影响。为支持 PADDD 研究和政策改进, 尚需增加人力及财力投入以培训当地研究人员和存放公众可获取的数据。随着保护界评估爱知目标 11 的成就并向 2020 年后的新生物多样性目标迈进, 研究人员、保护从业者及政策制定者需要携手合作, 以更好地在全球层面上记录、评估、和管理 PADDD。
Article impact statement: Legal changes affect even iconic protected areas. Sustaining conservation progress requires research, policies, and human‐capacity investments.
We examined the development of children's positive and negative attitudes toward other-gender peers over 1 year, and explored the longitudinal social consequences of holding positive or negative ...attitudes on the beholder of these attitudes. Participants were 206 second graders (Mage = 7.18 yrs, SD = .56, 50% girls) and 206 fourth graders (Mage = 9.10 yrs, SD = .66, 44.2% girls) from diverse ethnic racial backgrounds (54.6% White; 17.2% Latinx, 4.4% Black, 5.3% Asian, 2.9% Native American, .7% Pacific Islander, 13.1% other) with average household income ranged from $51,000 to $75,000, and they were assessed in 2 consecutive years. Developmental change was assessed using latent change score analysis, which showed that positive other-gender attitudes increased over time (for boys) whereas negative other-gender attitudes decreased for everyone. Path analyses showed that both positive and negative other-gender attitudes predicted children's perceptions of stressful other-gender interactions and their inclusion expectancies by other-gender peers longitudinally, controlling for same-gender attitudes. We also examined the extent to which the predicted relation between attitudes and inclusion expectancies was mediated by children's perceptions of stressful experiences with other-gender peers. We found that the extent of mediation varied by the type of attitudes and by children's age. Overall, findings contributed to the understanding of the development of children's other-gender attitudes, and underscored the consequences of these attitudes for the beholder of attitudes. This work also sheds light on the discussion of intervention strategies aimed at improving children's gender-based intergroup relations.
Subtropical marine stratus clouds regulate coastal and global climate, but future trends in these clouds are uncertain. In coastal Southern California (CSCA), interannual variations in summer stratus ...cloud occurrence are spatially coherent across 24 airfields and dictated by positive relationships with stability above the marine boundary layer (MBL) and MBL height. Trends, however, have been spatially variable since records began in the mid‐1900s due to differences in nighttime warming. Among CSCA airfields, differences in nighttime warming, but not daytime warming, are strongly and positively related to fraction of nearby urban cover, consistent with an urban heat island effect. Nighttime warming raises the near‐surface dew point depression, which lifts the altitude of condensation and cloud base height, thereby reducing fog frequency. Continued urban warming, rising cloud base heights, and associated effects on energy and water balance would profoundly impact ecological and human systems in highly populated and ecologically diverse CSCA.
Key Points
Low clouds regulate temperature and drought in coastal Southern California
Urban warming has caused substantially increased cloud base height since 1948
Feedbacks between warming and decreased summer cloud frequency are expected
Gender discrimination is a common experience for adolescent girls and has implications for their mental health and identity development. Guided by Phenomenological Variant of Ecological Systems ...Theory (PVEST; Spencer et al.
1997
), this study examined the longitudinal and bidirectional associations between adolescent girls’ experiences of gender discrimination, their internalizing symptoms, and gender identity. The sample was 161 adolescent girls (ages 14–17;
M
age
= 15.90) from across the United States (51% White; 17% African American, 11% Hispanic/Latina) who participated in a short-term longitudinal study of adolescent development. The results showed a reciprocal, longitudinal association between discrimination and internalizing symptoms. Discrimination also predicted longitudinal declines in gender identity, which was explained indirectly through internalizing symptoms. The findings implicate gender discrimination as a distinct risk factor during girls’ developmental years, and underscore the importance of helping girls learn adaptive responses to sexism, while also reducing actual occurrence and exposure.
Previous research suggested that gender typicality and pressure to conform to gender norms were unrelated; however, this may have been due to how gender typicality was assessed (i.e., by only ...comparing the self to one’s own gender collective). In the present study, we used a dual identity approach (comparing oneself to both gender collectives: to own-gender and other-gender individuals) to create typologies of gender typicality to examine how similarity to own and other gender collectives might differentially associate with pressure to conform to gender norms. The potentially unique influence of pressure sources (parents, peers, or the self) was also analyzed. Participants were 378 U.S. 6th grade students (48% female;
M
age
= 11.44 years, range = 10–13). Results indicated that male early adolescents felt more pressure than did female early adolescents and that those who felt more similar to own-gender (and less similar to other-gender) felt significantly higher levels of pressure and that the highest source of pressure was the self rather than peers or parents. We discuss how the present research provides insights into who experiences the highest levels of felt pressure to conform to gender norms and suggests that self-socialization plays a strong role in gender development for many early adolescents.
Tau is the major constituent of neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), but the mechanism underlying tau-associated neural damage remains unclear. Here, we show that tau can directly ...interact with nucleoporins of the nuclear pore complex (NPC) and affect their structural and functional integrity. Pathological tau impairs nuclear import and export in tau-overexpressing transgenic mice and in human AD brain tissue. Furthermore, the nucleoporin Nup98 accumulates in the cell bodies of some tangle-bearing neurons and can facilitate tau aggregation in vitro. These data support the hypothesis that tau can directly interact with NPC components, leading to their mislocalization and consequent disruption of NPC function. This raises the possibility that NPC dysfunction contributes to tau-induced neurotoxicity in AD and tauopathies.
Display omitted
•Defects in nuclear pore morphology and function are associated with AD•Nup98 mislocalizes to the neuronal cytoplasm in AD and in tau transgenic mice•Reducing soluble tau rescues nucleocytoplasmic transport and Nup98 defects in mice•Nup98 interacts directly with tau and facilitates tau fibrilization
Nuclear pore complexes control trafficking of proteins and RNA in and out of the nucleus. These studies now provide evidence that AD-related tau disrupts nuclear pore function in Alzheimer’s disease and that nuclear pore proteins cause tau to aggregate.
This two‐wave longitudinal study examined peer selection and influence pertaining to tobacco and alcohol use by adolescents and their friends in a sample of 854 Chinese adolescents (384 girls: mean ...age = 13.33 years). Participants nominated friends and self‐reported their tobacco and alcohol use at seventh and again at eighth grade. Longitudinal social network analyses revealed evidence of friend influence but not selection over smoking and drinking. Boys increased their levels of smoking at rates greater than that of girls, but no sex moderation of either selection or influence was found. In interpreting these results, it is important to understand the gender norms for Chinese boys and girls and the cultural context of tobacco and alcohol use.
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