Business schools, the media, the corporate sector, governments, and non-governmental organizations have all begun to pay more attention to issues of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in recent ...years. These issues encompass broad questions about the changing relationship between business, society and government, environmental issues, corporate governance, the social and ethical dimensions of management, globalization, stakeholder debates, shareholder and consumer activism, changing political systems and values, and the ways in which corporations can respond to new social imperatives. This Oxford Handbook is an authoritative review of the academic research that has both prompted, and responded to, these issues. Bringing together leading experts in the area, it provides clear thinking and new perspectives on CSR and the debates around it. The Handbook is divided into seven key sections: * Introduction, * Perspectives on CSR, * Critiques of CSR, * Actors and Drivers, * Managing CSR, * CSR in Global Context, * Future Perspectives and Conclusions. Available in OSO: http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/oso/public/content/oho_business/9780199211593/toc.html Contributors to this volume - Ruth Aguilera, Associate Professor, College of Business and the Institute of Labor and Industrial Relations, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Jay B. Barney, Professor of Management and Chase Chair for Excellence in Corporate Strategy, Max M. Fisher College of Business, The Ohio State University, Jill A. Brown, Assistant Professor of Management, Lehigh University's College of Business and Economics, Ann K. Buchholtz, Associate Professor, Terry College of Business, University of Georgia, Archie B. Carroll, Director of the Nonprofit Management & Community Service Program and Professor Emeritus, Terry College of Business, University of Georgia, Barry A. Colbert, Assistant Professor of Policy, School of Business and Economics at Wilfred Laurier University, Andrew Crane, George R. Gardiner Professor of Business Ethics, Schulich School of Business, York University Stanley Deetz, Director of Peace and Conflict Studies, University of Colorado, Thomas Donaldson, Mark O. Winkelman Professor and Director of the Wharton PhD Program in Ethics and Law, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania Thomas W. Dunfee, Joseph Kolodny Professor of Social Responsibility in Business and Professor of Legal Studies and Business Ethics, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, William C. Frederick, Professor Emeritus, Katz Graduate School of Business, University of Pittsburgh, Gerard Hanlon, Professor of Organizational Sociology, School of Business and Management, Queen Mary University of London, Pursey Heugens, Associate Professor of Business-Society Management, RSM Erasmus University, Bryan W. Husted, Professor of Management, EGADE Business School, Tecnologico de Monterrey (Mexico), and Alumni Association Chair of Business Ethics, Instituto de Empresa (Spain), Rami Kaplan, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Tel Aviv University. Timothy Kuhn Associate Professor, University of Colorado, Lloyd Kurtz, senior portfolio manager, Nelson Capital Management, Palo Alto, California, Elizabeth C. Kurucz, Associate Director, Academic, E. K. Haub Program in Business and Sustainability, Schulich School of Business, York University, David L. Levy, Professor of Management, University of Massachusetts, Boston, Alison Mackey, Assistant Professor of Management, Orfalea College of Business, California Polytechnic State University, Tyson Mackey, Assistant Professor of Management, Orfalea College of Business, California Polytechnic State University, Abagail McWilliams, Professor, College of Business, University of Illinois, Chicago, Dirk Matten, Hewlett-Packard Chair in Corporate Social Responsibility, Schulich School of Business, York University, Domenec Mele, Professor of Business Ethics and Chair of Economics and Ethics, IESE Business School, University of Navarra, Spain, Andrew Millington, Director of the Centre for Business, Organisations and Society, University of Bath Jeremy Moon, Professor and Director, the International Centre for Corporate Social Responsibility, Nottingham University Business School, Brendan O'Dwyer, College Lecturer, University College Dublin, Marc Orlitzky, Associate Professor, University of Redlands, David L. Owen, Professor of Social and Environmental Accounting, International Centre for Corporate Social Responsibility, Nottingham University Business School Guido Palazzo, Assistant Professor, Faculty of Management and Economics, University of Lausanne, Peter Pruzan, Professor Emeritus, Department of Politics, Management & Philosophy, Copenhagen Business School and Visiting Professor, Sri Sathya Sai University, India, Jose Salazar, Professor of Economics, ITESM, Andreas Georg Scherer, Director, Institute of Organization and Administrative Science (IOU), University of Zurich, Kareem M. Shabana, Assistant Professor of Management, Indiana University, Kokomo, Donald S. Siegel, Professor of Entrepreneurship at the University of California, Riverside, N. Craig Smith, Senior Fellow in Marketing and Ethics, London Business School, Ulrich Steger, Alcan Chair of Environmental Management, IMD Diane L. Swanson, von Waaden Professor, Kansas State University, J. (Hans) van Oosterhout, Professor of Corporate Governance and Responsibility, RSM Erasmus University, Wayne Visser, Research Director, University of Cambridge Programme for Industry, David Vogel, Solomon Lee Professor of Business Ethics and Professor of Political Science, University of California, Berkeley, David Wheeler, Dean of Management, Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia, Canada, Cynthia A. Williams, Visiting Professor and Osler Chair in Business Law, Osgoode Hall Law School, York University, Toronto, Duane Windsor, Lynette S. Autrey Professor, Jones Graduate School of Management, Rice University.
Growing recognition that communication with stakeholders forms an essential element in the design, implementation and success of corporate social responsibility (CSR) has given rise to a burgeoning ...CSR communication literature. However this literature is scattered across various sub‐disciplines of management research and exhibits considerable heterogeneity in its core assumptions, approaches and goals. This article provides a thematically‐driven review of the extant literature across five core sub‐disciplines, identifying dominant views upon the audience of CSR communication (internal/external actors) and CSR communication purpose, as well as pervasive theoretical approaches and research paradigms manifested across these areas. The article then sets out a new conceptual framework – the 4Is of CSR communication research – that distinguishes between research on CSR Integration, CSR Interpretation, CSR Identity, and CSR Image. This typology of research streams organizes the central themes, opportunities and challenges for CSR communication theory development, and provides a heuristic against which future research can be located.
Crop yields are critically dependent on weather. A growing empirical literature models this relationship in order to project climate change impacts on the sector. We describe an approach to yield ...modeling that uses a semiparametric variant of a deep neural network, which can simultaneously account for complex nonlinear relationships in high-dimensional datasets, as well as known parametric structure and unobserved cross-sectional heterogeneity. Using data on corn yield from the US Midwest, we show that this approach outperforms both classical statistical methods and fully-nonparametric neural networks in predicting yields of years withheld during model training. Using scenarios from a suite of climate models, we show large negative impacts of climate change on corn yield, but less severe than impacts projected using classical statistical methods. In particular, our approach is less pessimistic in the warmest regions and the warmest scenarios.
This article critiques Porter and Kramer's concept of creating shared value. The strengths of the idea are highlighted in terms of its popularity among practitioner and academic audiences, its ...connecting of strategy and social goals, and its systematizing of some previously underdeveloped, disconnected areas of research and practice. However, the concept suffers from some serious shortcomings, namely: it is unoriginal; it ignores the tensions inherent to responsible business activity; it is naïve about business compliance; and it is based on a shallow conception of the corporation's role in society. Michael Porter and Mark Kramer were invited to respond to this article. Their commentary follows along with a reply by Crane and his co-authors.
It is widely accepted that corporations have economic, legal, and even social roles. Yet the political role of corporations has yet to be fully appreciated. Corporations and Citizenship serves as a ...corrective by employing the concept of citizenship in order to make sense of the political dimensions of corporations. Citizenship offers a way of thinking about roles and responsibilities among members of polities and between these members and their governing institutions. Crane, Matten and Moon provide a rich and multi-faceted picture that explores three relations of citizenship – corporations as citizens, corporations as governors of citizenship, and corporations as arenas of citizenship for stakeholders – as well as three contemporary reconfigurations of citizenship – cultural (identity-based), ecological, and cosmopolitan citizenship. The book revolutionizes not only our understanding of corporations but also of citizenship as a principle of allocating power and responsibility in a political community.
•Stem cell-based therapies promote neurogenesis and protect surviving neurons.•Neural stem cells promote functional recovery after intracerebral transplantations.•BMSC and MSC exhibit ...immunomodulatory properties.•BMSC and MSC can reduce post-stroke neuroinflammation.
Stroke remains a prevalent disease with limited treatment options. Available treatments offer little in the way of enhancing neurogenesis and recovery. Because of the limitations of available treatments, new therapies for stroke are needed. Stem cell-based therapies for stroke offer promise because of their potential to provide neurorestorative benefits. Stem cell-based therapies aim to promote neurogenesis and replacement of lost neurons or protect surviving neurons in order to improve neurological recovery. The mechanism through which stem cell treatments mediate their therapeutic effect is largely dependent on the type of stem cell and route of administration. Neural stem cells have been shown in pre-clinical and clinical trials to promote functional recovery when used in intracerebral transplantations. The therapeutic effects of neural stem cells have been attributed to their formation of new neurons and promotion of neuroregeneration. Bone marrow stem cells (BMSC) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have been shown to enhance neurogenesis in pre-clinical models in intracerebral transplantations, but lack clinical evidence to support this therapeutic approach in patients and appear to be less effective than neural stem cells. Intravenous and intra-arterial administration of BMSC and MSC have shown more promise, where their effects are largely mediated through neuroprotective mechanisms. The immune system has been implicated in exacerbating initial damage caused by stroke, and BMSC and MSC have demonstrated immunomodulatory properties capable of dampening post-stroke inflammation and potentially improving recovery. While still in development, stem cell therapies may yield new treatments for stroke which can improve neurological recovery.
This article explores the mechanisms through which social learning mediates technology diffusion. We exploit an experiment on the dissemination of biochar, a soil amendment that can improve fertility ...on weathered and/or degraded soils. We find that social networks transmit information about the average benefits of adoption, but also its risk, and that observed variability inhibits uptake to a greater degree than positive average results engender it. Paradoxically, this relationship is stronger among networks that do not discuss farming, but disappears among farmer networks that do. This is resolved with a simple model of social learning about conditional, rather than unconditional benefit distributions. As farmers observe factors associated with outcomes in their networks, they constrain the distribution of their own potential outcomes. This conditional distribution diverges from the unconditional distribution that the econometrician observes. We conclude that social learning is characterized by implicit model-building by sophisticated decision makers, rather than simple herding towards observed good results.
We critically examine the content of contemporary understandings of corporate citizenship and locate them within the extant body of research dealing with business-society relations. Our main purpose ...is to realize a theoretically informed definition of corporate citizenship that is descriptively robust and conceptually distinct from existing concepts in the literature. Specifically, our extended perspective exposes the element of "citizenship" and conceptualizes corporate citizenship as the administration of a bundle of individual citizenship rights--social, civil, and political--conventionally granted and protected by governments.
Scant attention has been paid to the phenomenon of modern slavery in the management literature. This article redresses this by identifying modern slavery as a management practice comprising ...exploiting/insulating capabilities and sustaining/shaping capabilities. I present a model specifying how these microorganization-level capabilities enable enterprises that deploy slavery to take advantage of the macro-institutional conditions that permit the practice to flourish in the face of widespread illegality and illegitimacy. I then advance potential implications for management theory and suggestions for further theoretical and empirical research.
Zika virus (ZIKV) exhibits a tropism for brain tumor cells and has been used as an oncolytic virus to target brain tumors in mice with modest effects on extending median survival. Recent studies have ...highlighted the potential for combining virotherapy and immunotherapy to target cancer. We postulated that ZIKV could be used as an adjuvant to enhance the long-term survival of mice with malignant glioblastoma and generate memory T-cells capable of providing long-term immunity against cancer remission. To test this hypothesis mice bearing malignant intracranial GL261 tumors were subcutaneously vaccinated with irradiated GL261 cells previously infected with the ZIKV. Mice also received intracranial injections of live ZIKV, irradiation attenuated ZIKV, or irradiated GL261 cells previously infected with ZIKV. Long-term survivors were rechallenged with a second intracranial tumor to examine their immune response and look for the establishment of protective memory T-cells. Mice with subcutaneous vaccination plus intracranial irradiation attenuated ZIKV or intracranial irradiated GL261 cells previously infected with ZIKV exhibited the greatest extensions to overall survival. Flow cytometry analysis of immune cells within the brains of long-term surviving mice after tumor rechallenge revealed an increase in the number of T-cells, including CD4+ and tissue-resident effector/ effector memory CD4+ T-cells, in comparison to long-term survivors that were mock-rechallenged, and in comparison to naïve untreated mice challenged with intracranial gliomas. These results suggest that ZIKV can serve as an adjuvant to subcutaneous tumor vaccines that enhance long-term survival and generate protective tissue-resident memory CD4+ T-cells.
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