Diet is a key risk factor for chronic disease, and an increasing concern among older adults. We aim to examine the changes in dietary patterns using principal component analysis and a diet quality ...index among older adults and examine the predictors of dietary change over a 4 year period.
Data was obtained via a postal survey in a prospective cohort, the Wellbeing Eating and Exercise for a Long Life (WELL) study. Australian adults aged 55 years and over (n = 1005 men and n = 1106 women) completed a food frequency at three time points and provided self-reported personal characteristics. Principal component analysis was used to assess dietary patterns and diet quality was assessed using the 2013 Revised Dietary Guideline Index. The relationships between predictors and change in dietary patterns were assessed by multiple linear regression.
Two dietary patterns were consistently identified in men and women at three time points over 4 years. One was characterised by vegetables, fruit and white meat, and the other was characterised by red and processed meat and processed foods. Reduced consumption of key food groups within the principal component analysis-determined dietary patterns was observed. An increase in diet quality over 4 years was observed in men only. Reported higher education levels and favourable lifestyle characteristics, including not smoking and physical activity, at baseline predicted an increase in healthier dietary patterns over 4 years.
There was stability in the main dietary patterns identified over time, however participants reported an overall decrease in the frequency of consumption of key food groups. Compliance with the Australian Dietary Guidelines remained poor and therefore targeting this population in nutritional initiatives is important. Design of nutrition promotion for older adults need to consider those with lower socioeconomic status, as having a lower level of education was a predictor of poorer dietary patterns. It is important to consider how nutrition behaviours can be targeted alongside other lifestyle behaviours, such as smoking and inadequate physical activity to improve health.
The antimicrobial potential of cannabidiol Blaskovich, Mark A T; Kavanagh, Angela M; Elliott, Alysha G ...
Communications biology,
01/2021, Letnik:
4, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Antimicrobial resistance threatens the viability of modern medicine, which is largely dependent on the successful prevention and treatment of bacterial infections. Unfortunately, there are few new ...therapeutics in the clinical pipeline, particularly for Gram-negative bacteria. We now present a detailed evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of cannabidiol, the main non-psychoactive component of cannabis. We confirm previous reports of Gram-positive activity and expand the breadth of pathogens tested, including highly resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Clostridioides difficile. Our results demonstrate that cannabidiol has excellent activity against biofilms, little propensity to induce resistance, and topical in vivo efficacy. Multiple mode-of-action studies point to membrane disruption as cannabidiol's primary mechanism. More importantly, we now report for the first time that cannabidiol can selectively kill a subset of Gram-negative bacteria that includes the 'urgent threat' pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Structure-activity relationship studies demonstrate the potential to advance cannabidiol analogs as a much-needed new class of antibiotics.
There is substantial scope for enhancing population health through increased park visits and active use of parks; however, a better understanding of factors that influence park visitation is needed. ...This cross-sectional study examined how parent-reported satisfaction and perceived availability of parks were associated with adults' physical activity and children's physical activity and time spent outdoors, and whether these associations were mediated by park visitation.
Self-reported surveys were completed by adults living within 5 km of two parks located in Melbourne, Australia. Participants reported their satisfaction with neighbourhood park quality, walking duration from home to the nearest park, and park visitation in the past 7 days. Participants with a child aged 2-15 years also answered similar questions in relation to their child. The primary outcome variable for adults was leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) and for children was proxy-reported time spent outside. The secondary outcome for adults was combined transportation and LTPA and for children (5-15 years) was the number of days physical activity recommendations were met in the past 7 days.
Significant positive associations between park availability and park visitation in the past 7 days, and between park visitation and the outcome variables were observed among both adults (n = 1085, M
= 48.9, SD 13.4) and children (n = 753, M
= 8.8, SD = 3.7). The association between park satisfaction and park visitation was only significant among adults. Park visitation mediated associations between park availability and park satisfaction and the outcome variables among both adults and children.
Improving park availability and users' satisfaction with parks may increase visitation and consequently increase physical activity and time spent outdoors.
Abstract
This study evaluated the impacts of feeding a high-energy finishing diet during both the receiving and finishing period compared with a lower-energy receiving diet with adaptation to the ...finishing diet on health, performance, serum chemistry, ruminal pH, rumination, and carcass characteristics of high-risk feedlot cattle. Five truck-load blocks of steers (n = 101) and bulls (n = 299) were used in a generalized complete block design and randomly assigned to receive: 1) finishing diet for the entire feeding period (FIN) or 2) receiving diet for the first 56 d, followed by a transition to the finishing diet (REC). All cattle were fed ad libitum and consumed the same diet by day 74. A subset of cattle (n = 48) was randomly selected to quantify ruminal pH, temperature, and rumination time. Ultrasound images were collected on days 0, 74, and 146 to determine fat thickness over the 12th rib and rump, and carcass characteristics were determined after slaughter. Cattle fed FIN had less (P < 0.01) dry matter intake (DMI) from days 0 to 74, but DMI did not differ (P = 0.80) after day 74. From days 0 to final, DMI was 0.26 kg less for FIN compared with REC (P = 0.01). However, calculated metabolizable energy intake was not different from days 0 to 74 (P = 0.19), days 74 to final (P = 0.80), or overall (P = 0.78). Body weight (BW) on day 74 was greater (P < 0.01) and final BW tended to be greater (P = 0.10) for FIN compared with REC. Cattle consuming FIN had greater (P < 0.01) average daily gain and increased (P < 0.01) gain:feed from days 0 to 74. There were no differences (P ≥ 0.31) in health outcomes. On day 74, FIN had greater (P = 0.04) fat thickness over the rump and rib but did not differ (P ≥ 0.52) on day 146. Carcasses of FIN had greater (P = 0.04) hot carcass weight with no difference (P ≥ 0.11) in ribeye area, 12th rib fat thickness, yield grade, or quality grade. There was no difference (P = 0.18) in liver abscess rate. There was a diet × day interaction for blood urea nitrogen (P = 0.02) such that concentration decreased from days 0 to 28 in both treatments, but was less on day 28 for FIN. Ruminal pH was greater on days 2 and 61 and rumination time was less from days 0 to 28 for FIN (diet × day interaction; P < 0.01). Overall, these results suggest that providing a finishing diet fed ad libitum to high-risk calves upon arrival may be a viable alternative to a low-energy receiving diet.
High-risk cattle may not require a low-energy receiving diet containing high proportions of roughage upon arrival to the feedlot.
Lay Summary
When high-risk cattle arrive at the feedlot, they have low feed consumption and a greater risk for disease because of stress, inflammation, and exposure to pathogens. Because of reduced feed consumption, newly arrived cattle may not be able to meet their energy requirement for growth during the first several weeks after feedlot arrival. Therefore, providing a high-energy finishing diet (FIN) when stressed cattle arrive at the feedlot may allow for greater growth performance and improved health when compared with a traditional, low-energy receiving diet that contains more roughage (REC). Our study evaluated this concept and we observed that cattle fed FIN had greater body weight, average daily gain, and gain:feed (G:F) within the first 56 d when the different diets were fed, with no difference in growth performance after the cattle consuming REC transitioned to FIN on day 74. However, cattle consuming FIN had greater hot carcass weight and G:F over the entire feeding period. There were no differences in health outcomes among treatments. Overall, providing a high-energy finishing diet to high-risk cattle upon arrival to the feedlot improved growth performance with no impact on health.
Resource-poor individuals, such as those with a low income, are disproportionately affected by diabetes and unhealthy eating patterns that contribute to poor disease self-management and prognosis. ...Digitally delivered interventions have the potential to address some of the barriers to healthy eating experienced by this group. However, little is known about their effectiveness in disadvantaged populations.
This systematic review is conducted to assess the effectiveness of digitally delivered interventions in improving nutritional behaviors and nutrition-related health outcomes among disadvantaged people with type 2 diabetes (T2D).
MEDLINE complete, Global Health, Embase, CINAHL complete, Informit Health, IEEE Xplore, and Applied Science and Technology Source databases were searched for studies published between 1990 and 2022 on digitally delivered nutrition interventions for disadvantaged people with T2D. Two reviewers independently assessed the studies for eligibility and determined the study quality using the Cochrane Risk-of-Bias Assessment Tool. The Behavioral Change Technique Taxonomy V1 was used to identify behavior change techniques used in the design of interventions.
Of the 2434 identified records, 10 (0.4%), comprising 947 participants, met the eligibility criteria and were included in the review. A total of 2 digital platforms, web and messaging services (eg, SMS text messaging interventions or multimedia messaging service), were used to deliver interventions. Substantial improvements in dietary behaviors were reported in 5 (50%) of the 10 studies, representing improvements in healthier food choices or increases in dietary knowledge and skills or self-efficacy. Of the 10 studies, 7 (70%) examined changes in blood glucose levels, of which 4 (57%) out of 7 achieved significant decreases in hemoglobin A
levels ranging from 0.3% to 1.8%. The most frequently identified behavior change techniques across all studies were instruction on how to perform the behavior, information about health consequences, and social support.
This review provided some support for the efficacy of digitally delivered interventions in improving healthy eating behaviors in disadvantaged people with T2D, an essential dietary prerequisite for changes in clinical metabolic parameters. Further research is needed into how disadvantaged people with T2D may benefit more from digital approaches and to identify the specific features of effective digital interventions for supporting healthy behaviors among disadvantaged populations.
PROSPERO International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews CRD42020149844; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=149844.
To assess the effectiveness of a parent-focused intervention on infants' obesity-risk behaviors and BMI.
This cluster randomized controlled trial recruited 542 parents and their infants (mean age 3.8 ...months at baseline) from 62 first-time parent groups. Parents were offered six 2-hour dietitian-delivered sessions over 15 months focusing on parental knowledge, skills, and social support around infant feeding, diet, physical activity, and television viewing. Control group parents received 6 newsletters on nonobesity-focused themes; all parents received usual care from child health nurses. The primary outcomes of interest were child diet (3 × 24-hour diet recalls), child physical activity (accelerometry), and child TV viewing (parent report). Secondary outcomes included BMI z-scores (measured). Data were collected when children were 4, 9, and 20 months of age.
Unadjusted analyses showed that, compared with controls, intervention group children consumed fewer grams of noncore drinks (mean difference = -4.45; 95% confidence interval CI: -7.92 to -0.99; P = .01) and were less likely to consume any noncore drinks (odds ratio = 0.48; 95% CI: 0.24 to 0.95; P = .034) midintervention (mean age 9 months). At intervention conclusion (mean age 19.8 months), intervention group children consumed fewer grams of sweet snacks (mean difference = -3.69; 95% CI: -6.41 to -0.96; P = .008) and viewed fewer daily minutes of television (mean difference = -15.97: 95% CI: -25.97 to -5.96; P = .002). There was little statistical evidence of differences in fruit, vegetable, savory snack, or water consumption or in BMI z-scores or physical activity.
This intervention resulted in reductions in sweet snack consumption and television viewing in 20-month-old children.
To examine associations between work and commute hours with food consumption and test whether neighbourhood type (20-minute neighbourhood (20MN)/non-20MN) moderate associations.
Cross-sectional ...analysis of the Places and Locations for Activity and Nutrition study (ProjectPLAN). Exposures were work hours (not working (0 h), working up to full-time (1-38 h/week), working overtime (> 38 h/week)), and among those employed, combined weekly work and commute hours (continuous). Outcomes were usual consumption of fruit, vegetables, takeaway food, snacks and soft drinks, and number of discretionary food types (takeaway, snacks and soft drinks) consumed weekly. Generalised linear models were fitted to examine associations between each exposure and outcome. The moderating role of neighbourhood type was examined through interaction terms between each exposure and neighbourhood type (20MN/non-20MN).
Melbourne and Adelaide, Australia, 2018-2019.
Adults ≥ 18 years old (
769).
Although all confidence intervals contained the null, overall, patterns suggested non-workers and overtime workers have less healthy food behaviours than up-to-full-time workers. Among those employed, analysis of continuous work and commute hours data suggested longer work and commute hours were positively associated with takeaway consumption (OR = 1·014, 95 % CI 0·999, 1·030,
-value = 0·066). Patterns of better behaviours were observed across most outcomes for those in 20MN than non-20MN. However, differences in associations between work and commute hours with food consumption across neighbourhood type were negligible.
Longer work and commute hours may induce poorer food behaviours. There was weak evidence to suggest 20MN moderate associations between work and commute hours with food consumption, although behaviours appeared healthier for those in 20MN.
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