Corn, wheat and other different types of cereal crops, are one of the basic nutritional products in general, which have essential and vast application in the daily diet of people around the world. ...Cereal crops are the most important food sources, and cereal-based food is the main source of energy, protein, B vitamins and minerals for the world population. Therefore, the goal of this research is to analyze the production of wheat on arable land in the Republic of North Macedonia, as an agricultural country, which will indirectly help to draw conclusions about the impact on the economic structure of the population, their standard of living, the investment and economic fluctuations in market prices, taken as a sui generis element, set as an assumption ceteris paribus against the other determinants and factors that affect the national economy in the Republic of North Macedonia.
A different, reliable, and cost-effective strategy for the analysis of aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, and zearalenone in corn-based foods was proposed, including one multi-toxin immunoaffinity column ...(IAC) sample preparation and three different high-performance liquid chromatography fluorescence detection methods. The analytical procedures were tested and verified, keeping in mind their occurrence at trace levels in corn-based foods. With the validation of the proposed multi-toxin IAC methodology and comparison of the performance characteristics with methods using a single-toxin IAC, we confirmed the reliability of the multi-toxin IAC procedure versus the single-toxin IAC. The methods were validated by revealing satisfactory performance characteristics; for example, the obtained values of limit of detection were significantly lower than the maximum limits for all mycotoxins of concern. In addition, the recovery values were between 70.9 % and 106.1 % for all mycotoxins of interest, with precision values lower than 10.5 %.
The aim of this study was to determine the activity concentrations of naturally occurring radioisotopes 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in 14 soil samples collected in the Skopje city surrounding, and to ...calculate the corresponding absorbed gamma dose rates. The radionuclides were measured applying a high purity Ge detector gamma-ray spectrometer with relative efficiency of 30 % at 1.33 MeV. The activity concentrations found in 14 soil samples varied in the range 24.1-41.9 Bq kg-1for 226Ra, 38.5-52.2 Bq kg-1 for 232Th, and 502-707 Bq kg-1 for40K. The mean radium equivalent (Raeq), for the area under investigation, was 143±16 Bq kg-1, while the outdoor radiation hazard index (Hex) was 0.39. The total absorbed dose rate due to three primordial radionuclides investigated lay in the range 55.3 - 79.0 nGy h-1 with mean value of 68.1±7.7 nGy h-1, yielding a total annual effective dose of (83.5±9.5) µSv y-1. The assessed radiological factors were lower than the recommended values, indicating low radiological health risk for the population living and working in the investigated area. The activity concentrations of radionuclides in soil samples were compared to the international values reported by United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation and previous studies on geographically close areas and some worldwide regions.
Wheat is one of the world’s most commonly consumed cereal grains. It originates from a type of grass (Triticum) that is grown in countless varieties worldwide. Bread wheat or common wheat is a ...primary species. Several other closely related species include durum, spelt, emmer, einkorn, and Khorasan wheat. In addition to being a major source of starch and energy, wheat also provides substantial amounts of a number of components which are essential or beneficial for health, notably proteins, vitamins (notably B vitamins), dietary fibres, and phytochemicals. Wheat is a basic food product of Macedonian population. This study is mainly focused on measuring the concentration of radioactivity due to natural radioactive nuclides (226Ra, 232Th, 40K) in wheat grain samples, as well as on determining the quality of wheat used in daily diet. In addition, in this study we calculated radiation hazard indices (radium equivalent activity and internal hazard index) in the wheat sample. Average activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K in the wheat samples were 0.57±0.14; 0.39±0.11; 96.55±0.86 (Bq·kg-1), respectively. The radiation hazard indices were calculated for all samples in this study where mean values did not exceed safety limits, pointing out to negligible radiation hazard arising from terrestrial radionuclides that are naturally present in wheat. In terms of quality, we confirmed that all tested samples meet the requirements regarding quality in accordance with the laws in our country.
Due to the actuality of spongiform encephalopathies and their proven spreading by means of animal feed containing meat and bone meal, the description and measurement of osteocytic lacunae contributes ...to more easily distinguish bone fragments in meat and bone meal. Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) have attracted a lot of attention, especially after 1986, when the first case of BSE (bovine spongiform encephalopathy) was detected. Since the outbreak of spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), the use of animal protein including bone meal as an ingredient in animal feed has been controlled by several regulations including Regulation (EC) 999/2001, Regulation (EC) 1774/2002, and Regulation (EC) 1234/2003. The classical microscopic method is the only official method for detecting animal protein in animal feed in the European Union (Commission Regulation (EC) 152/2009). By applying the microscopic method to the animal feed samples, we performed detection in order to determine the presence of animal proteins that originate from mammals and fish. The microscopic analysis of all 421 samples, of which 115 were raw materials for the production of animal feed, 230 were concentrates for ruminant nutrition and 76 were concentrates for non-ruminant nutrition (32 concentrates for laying hens and 44 concentrates for pigs), did not provide positive results, that is, no remains of animal tissues of mammalian origin were found in any specimen. Whereas in 10 out of 32 (31.25%) concentrates intended for non-ruminant nutrition (laying hens), pieces of fish tissue were found. In these samples, we usually detected the presence of fish bones, gills and scales.
The care of radioactivity level in animal feed is very important, as ingestion is one of the most common ways radionuclides enter living organisms. Thus, since humans consume products of animal ...origin (eggs and poultry, milk and beef), it is important to monitor radiation levels in animal feed, as part of the radioactivity that these animals are exposed to, could be transmitted to humans. Natural radionuclides such as 40K, 232Th and 226Ra find their way into the food chain from soil and air to plants and from plants to animals and humans as well. The goal of this study was to determine the activity concentrations of natural radionuclides in three commercial chicken feeds – starter, grower and finisher. The analyzes were performed by means of HPGe gamma spectrometry - gamma spectrometer (Canberra Packard) with a high-purity germanium detector. The obtained spectra from the measurement were analyzed by using the program GENIE 2000. Based on the performed tests, the mean values for the activity concentrations in the samples were the following 26.03±4.1 Bq kg-1 for 226Ra, 37.9±4.8 Bq kg-1 for 232Th, and 64.40±6.5 Bq kg-1 for 40K. The results obtained from the analyses of chicken feeds were compared to studies in other countries and it was found that 40K was present in the highest amount in all types of samples while the vales for the other natural radionuclides were within the nominal concentrations. Higher concentration of 40K can be associated with plants used in the production of animal feed, which were contaminated with fertilizer during their cultivation. The range of radionuclide concentrations in the samples was within the recommended values UNSCEAR.
Praćenje razine radioaktivnosti u hrani za životinje od izrazite je važnosti, budući da je oralna konzumacija jedan od najčešćih načina unosa radionuklida u živuće organizme. S obzirom na ljudsku konzumaciju proizvoda životinjskog porijekla (jaja, perad, mlijeko i govedina), važno je pratiti razine radijacije u hrani za životinje budući da dio ukupne radioaktivnosti kojoj su životinje izložene može prijeći na ljude. Prirodni radionuklidi poput 40K, 232Th i 226Ra ulaze u hranidbeni lanac iz zemlje i zraka u biljke te u životinje i ljude. Cilj ovog istraživanja je odrediti aktivne koncentracije prirodnih radionuklida u tri komercijalne vrste hrane za piliće – starteru, groweru i finišeru. Analize su provedene uporabom gama spektrometra visoke rezolucije, odnosno gama spektrometrom (Canberra Packard) s germanijskim detektorom visoke čistoće. Dobiveni mjerni raspon analiziran je uporabom programa GENIE 2000. Temeljem izvedenih ispitivanja uzoraka, prosječne vrijednosti aktivnih koncentracija su 26.04±4.1 Bq kg-1 za radionuklid 226Ra, 37.9±4.8 Bq kg-1 za radionuklid 232Th i 64.40±6.5 Bq kg-1 za radionuklid 40K. Rezultati navedenih analiza hrane za piliće uspoređeni su s istraživanjima provedenim u drugim državama, a zaključak istog je da je radionuklid 40K prisutan u najvišim količinama u svim vrstama analiziranih uzoraka dok su zabilježene normalne koncentracije ostalih prirodnih radionuklida. Više koncentracije radionuklida 40K mogu se povezati s biljkama upotrjebljenima u proizvodnji hrane za životinje, a koje su prethodno bile kontaminirane gnojivima tijekom kultivacije. Utvrđeno je da je raspon koncentracija radionuklida u analiziranim uzorcima unutar vrijednosti koje preporuča UNSCEAR.
A different, reliable, and cost-effective strategy for the analysis of aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, and zearalenone in corn-based foods was proposed, including one multi-toxin immunoaffinity column ...(IAC) sample preparation and three different high-performance liquid chromatography fluorescence detection methods. The analytical procedures were tested and verified, keeping in mind their occurrence at trace levels in corn-based foods. With the validation of the proposed multi-toxin IAC methodology and comparison of the performance characteristics with methods using a single-toxin IAC, we confirmed the reliability of the multi-toxin IAC procedure versus the single-toxin IAC. The methods were validated by revealing satisfactory performance characteristics; for example, the obtained values of limit of detection were significantly lower than the maximum limits for all mycotoxins of concern. In addition, the recovery values were between 70.9 % and 106.1 % for all mycotoxins of interest, with precision values lower than 10.5 %.
Detecting meat fraud in food supply chain Crceva-Nikolovska, Radmila; Angeleska, Aleksandra; Nikolovski, Aleksandar ...
Western Balkan Journal of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development,
2019, Letnik:
1, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Odprti dostop
In recent years, numerous reports have repeatedly highlighted a series of food safety scandals involving contaminated and forged meat and fish products, grains and fruit products, juices, cooking ...oils, and spices and herbs, distilled beverages and pet treats. Foods that have been found to be stained with chemicals, illicit drug residues, additives and dyes, pathogenic microorganisms and other pests. Some foods enter the market have expired well or are unhygienic. Economic gain is the goal of food fraud. Food fraud and the prevention of such fraud are very important processes in the food industry. Such frauds are economically motivated, rated as criminal behaviour, and the moment we understand criminal behaviour and decision making we will be able to calculate and exclude the risk of food fraud. By analysing financially motivated fraud that combine opportunities, motivations, and inadequate control measures, we can assess the likelihood of fraud in any food product or component. The modified ingredients are specially designed to avoid quality assurance and quality control systems for customers. Only people who manipulate the ingredients know what substances and how to manipulate them. In addition, fraudulent ingredients are often unconventional substances that do not meet the requirements of food safety management systems, and become known only after they are incorporated into the supply chain. International standards for food and regulations address the risk of fraud food adulteration. European Union (EU) Directives, Global Food Safety Initiative (GFSI) Codex Alimentarius has continued work on a food fraud, or how, food fraud fits into their benchmarking. The problem of detection and typing of meat in meat products in the world and lack of research on them in the Republic of North Macedonia was the main goal for this paper. Our task was identification of meat type by ELISA method and proof of counterfeiting of meat products. Analyses are made in the laboratories of the Institute of Food at the Faculty of veterinary medicine in Skopje A total of 350 samples of various heat-treated meat products subgroups of meat sausages in pieces were examined for detection, typifying and quantifying the type of meat used for production.
This study had two aims. The first was to describe several factors that most influence the bacterial count in raw cow milk. Among them, the greatest emphasis was on contamination of milk from the ...udder, contamination from the udder exterior, the impact of equipment maintenance and sanitation procedures and, finally, the temperature and duration of raw milk storage. The second aim was to evaluate the current situation regarding bacterial counts in raw cow milk in the FY Republic of Macedonia, which is one of the elements that define raw milk quality. For the purposes of this research, 3470 milk samples were taken from milk cooling tanks in several regions of the FY Republic of Macedonia during the period from January - June 2009. After the tests were finished, it was determined that 56.28% of the samples fulfill the criteria given in the national legislation, compared with the EU legislation, where it was noted that only 18.04% of the samples meet the given criteria. The results obtained clearly indicate insufficient hygiene in the breeding of milk cows, and incorrect milk handling after milking as a result of the insufficient farmer knowledge regarding hygiene procedures for primary milk production.
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