Abstract
The formation and consequences of polyploidization in animals with clonal reproduction remain largely unknown. Clade I root-knot nematodes (RKNs), characterized by parthenogenesis and ...allopolyploidy, show a widespread geographical distribution and extensive agricultural destruction. Here, we generated 4 unzipped polyploid RKN genomes and identified a putative novel alternative telomeric element. Then we reconstructed 4 chromosome-level assemblies and resolved their genome structures as AAB for triploid and AABB for tetraploid. The phylogeny of subgenomes revealed polyploid RKN origin patterns as hybridization between haploid and unreduced gametes. We also observed extensive chromosomal fusions and homologous gene expression decrease after polyploidization, which might offset the disadvantages of clonal reproduction and increase fitness in polyploid RKNs. Our results reveal a rare pathway of polyploidization in parthenogenic polyploid animals and provide a large number of high-precision genetic resources that could be used for RKN prevention and control.
Although irrigation systems largely sustain global agricultural production, their efficiency is often alarmingly low. While irrigation water (blue water) is critical for the water-saving irrigation ...of rice with a high water demand, the process and efficiency of irrigation water utilization need clarification. In this study, we examined the three commonly used irrigation and drainage patterns (frequent shallow irrigation (FSI), wet and shallow irrigation (WSI), and rain-catching and controlled irrigation (RCI)) in rice fields. We developed a tracking method for irrigation water flow decomposition, which includes irrigation water evapotranspiration (IET), irrigation water drainage (IDR), irrigation water leakage (IPC), and irrigation water field residual (IRE). Using this method, we established an irrigation water efficiency evaluation index system and a comprehensive evaluation method. Our tracking method is relevant to describing the irrigation water performance under varying irrigation and drainage patterns. The results revealed that the average irrigation water input for the three irrigation and drainage patterns between 2015 and 2018 was roughly 312.5 mm, wherein IET accounted for 148 mm. However, more than 50% of the irrigation water outflow, comprising IDR, IPC, and IRE, exceeded the total amount of irrigation water input. The mean values of the gross irrigation efficiency (GIE), net irrigation efficiency (NIE), and effective consumption ratio (ECR) for all treatments in the three-year period were 0.63, 0.47, and 0.75, respectively. Additionally, the irrigation water use efficiency was significantly higher in dry years compared to wet years. The fuzzy composite rating values of the three irrigation and drainage models from 2015 to 2018 were RCI, WSI, and FSI, in descending order, under varying precipitation conditions. The RCI patterns maintained a high composite rating value (greater than 3.0) under different precipitation conditions. Previous efficiency calculations disregarded the blue–green water migration process and did not differentiate the blue–green water flow direction in agricultural fields, creating significant biases in the outcomes. This study’s method offers a new approach to evaluate the use of blue water resources in farmland.
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•Analysis the fuzzy composite risk in dispark water-energy-food-carbon (WEFC) nexus.•Composite risk index (CRI) was constructed based on footprint and virtual water theories.•Spatial ...heterogeneity of CRI was caused by the inconsistent resources endowments.•Economic is the main driving factor of the CRI in the WEFC nexus of irrigation system.
Water, energy, food, and carbon are the most fundamental elements of agricultural development, and the essential needs that human beings and society depend on for survival. Systematic and quantitative analysis of the risks of the water-energy-food-carbon (WEFC) nexus is significant for resource management, especially in irrigated agriculture. Here, the water-energy-food-carbon nexus composite risk index (CRI) was calculated through a fuzzy composite risk assessment model (FCRAM) combined with food trade and virtual water flow, and the multi-dimensional influence mechanism was excavated via partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) in Lianshui irrigation district (LID), a pumped irrigation system in east China. Results indicated that the amount of food trade, virtual water flow, and carbon footprint were calculated as 6146 M kg, 7451 M m3, and 57909 kg in LID, and varied among the three sub-irrigation areas. Annual CRI in LID was 0.48 and higher than that of the three sub-irrigation areas, and CRI showed an increasing trend as a whole. Agricultural production risks varied under various precipitation conditions. The influence path was meteorological -> resources -> economic -> social -> CRI, among which economic was the main driving factor of the CRI in the dispark WEFC nexus. Therefore, it is more effective to regulate the agricultural economic and decelerate further climate deterioration to prevent and control agricultural production risks.
Understanding the status of water-energy-food (WEF) Nexus, oriented to the whole process of water extraction and deployment, water consumption for crop growth, and food production output, in ...irrigation systems is essential for food security and resources sustainability. Based on WEF Nexus quantification, combining traditional agricultural water-saving and water footprint theory, the sustainable development level (SDL) of water acquisition-transfer-consumption process for pumped irrigation systems was analyzed, using the principal component analysis (PCA) and taking the Lianshui Irrigation District (LID) in eastern China as a case study, in this paper. The driving mechanism of SDL for WEF Nexus was revealed by virtue of the partial least-squares regression (PLSR). Results showed that, annual SDL of the WEF Nexus in the pumped irrigation systems was 0.3 during the study period 2005–2019, mainly due to the low SDLe and SDLf, indicating that sustainability had been concerned. PRE and RRI were significant-positive factors, while CDI functioned as significant-negative driving factors on SDL of WEF Nexus. The measures adjusting crop planting structure, transforming irrigation and drainage mode, updating water pump equipment, and increasing agricultural investment contribute to the sustainability of WEF Nexus in the observed irrigation systems. Therefore, the sustainable management can be implemented according to the unique driving factors identification of WEF Nexus in pumped irrigation systems. The research is conducive to the management and program for irrigated agricultural systems under the changing circumstances.
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•Blue-green water transfer and consumption processes were incorporated water-energy-food nexus assessment.•Sustainable development level (SDL) of water-energy-food nexus was evaluated for pumped irrigation systems.•SDL was low during study period in observed pumped irrigation systems, mainly due to the low SDLe and SDLf.•Adjusting crop structure and increasing investment improves the WEF Nexus sustainability in irrigation systems.
Improving the resource utilization efficiency in irrigation systems contributes to the sustainability of the regional water-energy-grain nexus. Based on the water, energy and grain relationships ...quantification, the comprehensive efficiency (CE) of water transfer and grain production processes and its driving mechanism were analyzed, considering a pumping irrigation system in the Lianshui irrigation district (LID) in eastern China, as a case study. The annual crop output, crop water footprint, and electric energy consumption were estimated as 905.3 M kg (1 M = 106), 914.7 M m3 (50.7% blue water), and 3004.0 kWh, respectively, from 2005 to 2018; the corresponding crop water productivity (CWP), electricity energy productivity (EEP), water intake efficiency of electric energy (WIE) were 0.91 kg/m3, 80.39 kg/kJ, and 75.22 m3/kJ, respectively. CWP, EEP, and WIE varied among crops; however, none of the three indicators showed an obvious trend of change with time. The CE of integrated grain was 0.48 and showed an increase over time, indicating that the sustainability of the studied pumping irrigation system was improving. The driving effect of artificial factors (e. g. social development, agricultural input, and water management) on the CE was more obvious than that of natural conditions (e. g. climate). Increasing agricultural machinery and urbanization rates and reducing the agricultural water rate are conducive to improving the resource utilization efficiency in pumping irrigation systems. The analysis framework coupling water footprint and traditional paradigms proposed in this paper provides a feasible approach for the stability and sustainability of irrigated agricultural systems observation.
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•The relationships among water, energy and grain in pumping irrigation system were quantified in this paper.•Comprehensive efficiency (CE) was established for resources use efficiency evaluation in irrigation system.•CE in selected pumping irrigation system promoted over time while varied among specific grain crops.•The effects of artificial factors on CE were greater than natural conditions in water-energy-grain nexus.
Water scarcity, land pollution, and global warming are serious challenges and crises facing the development of sustainable or green agriculture and need to be addressed using efficient and ...environmentally friendly management strategies. This paper proposed an integrated framework appropriate for agricultural green total factor productivity (AGTFP) assessment coupled with microscopic and mesoscopic perspectives under water-energy-food (WEF) nexus, which generated scientific and reasonable strategies for green and low-carbon agriculture from internal core factors and peripheral environmental impacts to improve green agricultural production sustainability. Taking the Lianshui irrigation district (LID) with three sub-areas as the object, internal core factors were explored by partial least squares regression (PLSR) and the external impact path through partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Results indicated that AGTFP in LID was the smallest (0.818) compared to the three sub-areas and was in a fluctuating state. Meanwhile, AGTFP which was calculated considering undesirable outputs, was closer to tangible productivity. Resource endowments and technical facilities will promote agricultural production, desirable outputs will stimulate green production, and undesirable outputs can inhibit green production. The external influence pathway was shown to be primary environment - > secondary environment - > economic aspects - > social aspects - > AGTFP. The innovative perspectives presented in this study can facilitate preferable decisions and avoid unintended consequences for human-natural systems.
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•Established agricultural green total factor productivity (AGTFP) to enhance green production sustainability•The integrated framework amalgamating core with peripheral water-energy-food nexus was constructed.•The slack-based measure directional distance function including undesirable outputs was closely aligned with tangible productivity.•The manipulation of internal input indicators demonstrated superior efficacy compared to output indicators.•The AGTFP was predominantly influenced by the primary and secondary environmental determinants.
•Virtual water trade has a bright future in agricultural water management due to its water saving effect.•Essential features of arable land, irrigation, and green water are ignored in existing water ...saving evaluation frameworks.•Unexpected results were obtained when the role of irrigation was considered.•Research on virtual water should be carried out in combination with the agricultural water utilization process.
Water saving by agricultural virtual water trade (VWT) is regarded as a new way to address water shortage, and many studies have considered it at local and global scales. However, the existing calculation methods do not consider how agricultural products should be produced in export and import areas without crop trade. We believe that three facts related to irrigation should be considered in water saving in agricultural VWT evaluation: 1) arable land is highly restricted, 2) irrigation increases crop yield significantly, and 3) green water does not require cost. The role of irrigation, which is important for both the export and import region, is very important for determining how to cultivate crops without virtual water trade. In the case of grain VWT between Heilongjiang and Guangdong, China, the national blue water saving in 2010 with this consideration was −2562.1 Mm³ (water loss), whereas the figure was 975 Mm³ under the existing calculation framework. Therefore, there is a possibility that VWT can be used in agricultural development and water management decision-making while considering the role of irrigation.
Increasing lines of evidence identified that dexmedetomidine (DEX) exerted protective effects against sepsis-stimulated acute lung injury via anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation and anti-apoptosis. ...However, the mechanisms remain unclear. Herein, we investigated whether DEX afforded lung protection by regulating the process of mitochondrial dynamics through the HIF-1a/HO-1 pathway in vivo and in vitro. Using C57BL/6J mice exposed to lipopolysaccharide, it was initially observed that preemptive administration of DEX (50μg/kg) alleviated lung pathologic injury, reduced oxidative stress indices (OSI), improved mitochondrial dysfunction, upregulated the expression of HIF-1α and HO-1, accompanied by shifting the dynamic course of mitochondria into fusion. Moreover, HO-1-knockout mice or HO-1 siRNA transfected NR8383 cells were pretreated with HIF-1α stabilizer DMOG and DEX to validate the effect of HIF-1a/HO-1 pathway on DEX-mediated mitochondrial dynamics in a model of endotoxin-induced lung injury. We found that pretreatment with DEX and DMOG distinctly relieved lung injury, decreased the levels of mitochondrial ROS and mtDNA, reduced OSI, increased nuclear accumulation of HIF-1a and HO-1 protein in wild type mice but not HO-1 KO mice. Similar observations were recapitulated in NC siRNA transfected NR8383 cells after LPS stimulation but not HO-1 siRNA transfected cells. Concertedly, DEX reversed the impaired mitochondrial morphology in LPS stimulated-wild type mice or NC siRNA transfected NR8383 cells, upregulated the expression of mitochondrial fusion protein, while downregulated the expression of fission protein in HIF-1a/HO-1 dependent pathway. Altogether, our data both in vivo and in vitro certified that DEX treatment ameliorated endotoxin-induced acute lung injury by preserving the dynamic equilibrium of mitochondrial fusion/fission through the regulation of HIF-1a/HO-1 signaling pathway.
Phase unwrapping is one of the key problems in interferometric fiber sensors, which usually acts as the system performance bottleneck. Compared with the two-dimensional phase unwrapping, the ...one-dimensional phase unwrapping suffers more seriously from noise. Because modern phase unwrapping algorithms need to make the best use of all the adjacent phase points when evaluating the true phase at a given point. But the available adjacent points in one-dimensional phase unwrapping are very limited. A two-step one-dimensional phase unwrapping algorithm is proposed in this work to combat the above problems. In the first step, the one-dimensional phase is encoded into two-dimensional array based on the quasi-Gramian matrix, and in the second step the deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) is adopted for phase unwrapping. Both simulation and actual experiment results show that the unwrapped phase quality by using our method obviously outperforms the traditional methods with the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of lower than 4 dB, and it can still work stably even for negative SNR.
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