Objective:
The worldwide prevalence estimates of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) hyperkinetic disorder (HD) are highly heterogeneous. Presently, the reasons for this discrepancy ...remain poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to determine the possible causes of the varied worldwide estimates of the disorder and to compute its worldwide-pooled prevalence.
Method:
The authors searched MEDLINE and PsycINFO databases from January 1978 to December 2005 and reviewed textbooks and reference lists of the studies selected. Authors of relevant articles from North America, South America, Europe, Africa, Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East and ADHD HD experts were contacted. Surveys were included if they reported point prevalence of ADHD HD for subjects 18 years of age or younger from the general population or schools according to DSM or ICD criteria.
Results:
The literature search generated 9,105 records, and 303 full-text articles were reviewed. One hundred and two studies comprising 171,756 subjects from all world regions were included. The ADHD HD worldwide-pooled prevalence was 5.29%. This estimate was associated with significant variability. In the multivariate metaregression model, diagnostic criteria, source of information, requirement of impairment for diagnosis, and geographic origin of the studies were significantly associated with ADHD HD prevalence rates. Geographic location was associated with significant variability only between estimates from North America and both Africa and the Middle East. No significant differences were found between Europe and North America.
Conclusions:
Our findings suggest that geographic location plays a limited role in the reasons for the large variability of ADHD HD prevalence estimates worldwide. Instead, this variability seems to be explained primarily by the methodological characteristics of studies.
Purpose
This paper aims to present the fundamental aspects for the development and validation (D&V) of attitudes’ measurement scale, as well as its practical aspects that are not deeply explored in ...books and manuals. These aspects are the results of a long experience of the authors and arduous learning with errors and mistakes.
Design/methodology/approach
The nature of this paper is methodological and can be very useful for an initial reading on the theme that it rests. This paper presents four D&V stages: literature review or interviews with experts; theoretical or face validation; semantic validation or validation with possible respondents; and statistical validation.
Findings
This is a methodological paper, and its main finding is the usefulness for researchers.
Research limitations/implications
The main implication of this paper is to support researchers on the process of D&V of measurement scales.
Practical implications
Became a step-by-step guide to researchers on the D&V of measurement scales.
Social implications
Support researchers on their data collection and analysis.
Originality/value
This is a practical guide, with tips from seasoned scholars to help researchers on the D&V of measurement scales.
Retinal and choroidal neovascularization (NV) and vascular leakage contribute to visual impairment in several common ocular diseases. The angiopoietin/TIE2 (ANG/TIE2) pathway maintains vascular ...integrity, and negative regulators of this pathway are potential therapeutic targets for these diseases. Here, we demonstrated that vascular endothelial-protein tyrosine phosphatase (VE-PTP), which negatively regulates TIE2 activation, is upregulated in hypoxic vascular endothelial cells, particularly in retinal NV. Intraocular injection of an anti-VE-PTP antibody previously shown to activate TIE2 suppressed ocular NV. Furthermore, a small-molecule inhibitor of VE-PTP catalytic activity (AKB-9778) activated TIE2, enhanced ANG1-induced TIE2 activation, and stimulated phosphorylation of signaling molecules in the TIE2 pathway, including AKT, eNOS, and ERK. In mouse models of neovascular age-related macular degeneration, AKB-9778 induced phosphorylation of TIE2 and strongly suppressed NV. Ischemia-induced retinal NV, which is relevant to diabetic retinopathy, was accentuated by the induction of ANG2 but inhibited by AKB-9778, even in the presence of high levels of ANG2. AKB-9778 also blocked VEGF-induced leakage from dermal and retinal vessels and prevented exudative retinal detachments in double-transgenic mice with high expression of VEGF in photoreceptors. These data support targeting VE-PTP to stabilize retinal and choroidal blood vessels and suggest that this strategy has potential for patients with a wide variety of retinal and choroidal vascular diseases.
Background
In the last decade, tissue‐engineering strategies for regenerating the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) have been investigated. This may be a promising strategy for the minimally invasive ...restoration of joint integrity.
Objectives
To evaluate whether dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) loaded in a light‐occured hydrogel made of gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) enhance the regeneration of osteochondral defects in the rabbit TMJ.
Materials and Methods
Defects were filled with GelMA alone (control group; n = 4) or filled with GelMA loaded with rabbit DPSCs (experimental group; n = 4), In one group, the TMJ capsule was opened without creating a defect (sham group; n = 2). The following micro‐CT parameters were analysed: bone volume to total volume ratio (BV/TV%) and bone mineral density (BMD). Histological evaluation was performed to assess cartilage regeneration features. A semi‐quantitative scoring system was also used to evaluate the defects.
Results
All groups had no statistical difference regarding the micro‐CT parameters. The highest mean healing score was found for the experimental group. After 4 weeks, there were no signs of hydrogel in either group or no signs of inflammation in the adjacent tissues. The tissue formed in the defect was dense fibrous connective tissue.
Conclusion
Adding DPSCs to GelMA did not provide a regenerative enhancement in TMJ osteochondral defects. This resulted in similar micro‐CT parameters after 4 weeks of healing, with improved signs of subchondral bone regeneration but no cartilage regeneration.
Osteochondral defects were created in the TMJ condyles of rabbits, and subsequently, a light‐cured hydrogel loaded with dental pulp stem cells was introduced into these defects. The addition of gelatin methacryloyl hydrogel with dental pulp stem cells to these defects enhances micro‐CT parameters associated with subchondral bone healing. However, it does not lead to the restoration of cartilage after one month of implantation.
MFM‐300(Al) shows reversible uptake of NH3 (15.7 mmol g−1 at 273 K and 1.0 bar) over 50 cycles with an exceptional packing density of 0.62 g cm−3 at 293 K. In situ neutron powder diffraction and ...synchrotron FTIR micro‐spectroscopy on ND3@MFM‐300(Al) confirms reversible H/D site exchange between the adsorbent and adsorbate, representing a new type of adsorption interaction.
High storage capacity: MFM‐300(Al) shows reversible uptake of NH3 over 50 cycles with an exceptional packing density of 0.62 g cm−3 at 293 K. Neutron diffraction and FTIR micro‐spectroscopy confirm reversible H/D site exchange between the adsorbent and adsorbate, representing a new type of adsorption interaction.
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