Rodents act as reservoir hosts and are an important potential source for many zoonotic pathogens such as parasites, which pose a public health risk to humans. Therefore, it is necessary to ...investigate the prevalence of parasites among rodents.
A total of 118
were captured in Mazandaran province, north of Iran, using snap live traps. Various samples were collected from feces and each rat was combed with a fine-tooth comb to extricate any ectoparasite. Fecal specimens were examined by direct wet mounting, formalin-ether concentration, modified acid-fast, and trichrome staining methods.
The overall prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in the examined rats was 75.4%.
spp. (30.5%) were the most prevalent protozoan, followed by
spp. (20.3%),
(13.5%),
(10.1%), and
(3.3%). Regarding helminths' eggs,
(24.5%),
(10.1%), and
(9.3%) had the highest prevalence, respectively. Furthermore, 3060 ectoparasites collected from 102 rodents were infested with lice (40%
spp.), mites (33.3%), and flea (16.1%
and 10.6%
).
According to the results of this study, the prevalence of ecto and gastrointestinal parasites in the collected rats in the area being studied was remarkably high. Additionally,
can be considered a potential risk to human health.
Objective:To evaluate parasite distribution and tissue tropism of Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites in experimentally infected mice using real time QPCR.Methods:In this survey 16 Balb/c mice were ...inoculated with 1×10~4 alive tachyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii RH strain.After 1,2,3 days post infection and the last day(before death),different tissues of mice including blood,brain,eye,liver,spleen,kidney,heart and muscle were harvested.Following tissues DNA extraction,the parasite burden was quantified using real time QPCR targeting the B1 gene(451 bp).Results:It showed that Toxoplasma after intraperitoneal injection was able to movement to various tissues in24 hours.Parasite burden was high in all tissues but the most number of parasites were observed in kidney,heart and liver,respectively.Conclusions:These data provide significant baseline information about Toxoplasma pathogenesis,vaccine monitoring and drug efficiency.
Soil is one of the environmental sources of
oocysts. The other hand, genotype of the parasite is one of the important factors for its pathogenicity. Due to the importance of toxoplasmosis on public ...health, this study aimed to isolation and genotyping of
in environmental soil samples of Mazandaran Province, north of Iran.
Overall, 192 soil samples were collected from different areas in Mazandaran Province from Apr to Sep 2014. The flotation method was used for recovering oocysts. Then, soil samples were investigated for DNA detection of
using nested PCR of RE gene, genotyping with Semi-nested PCR of GRA6 gene and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. Results were analyzed using Chi-squared test. A significant difference was considered with a
<0.05.
From 192 soil samples,
DNA was detected in 150 samples (78.1%). Then genotype of 23 samples was determined (91.3% type I and 8.7% type II).
Prevalence of
in soil samples of Mazandaran province, north of Iran is high and
GRA6 type I is predominant. Soil can be the most important source of severe toxoplasmosis in this province.
In this review, we intend to provide a summary of the activities of researchers in the field of Toxoplasma gondii in Iran, during the past 70 years. Most studies have been limited to epidemiological ...studies (mostly using ELISA and IFA methods). Designing a standard and reliable method using the specific antigens of this parasite is essential. So far, studies in the field of drug effects have not been able to introduce an effective drug with few side effects. Various types of vaccines have been developed, such as recombinant and DNA vaccines. However, none of them had a good efficacy. The use of multi-epitope vaccines as potential vaccines against toxoplasmosis is recommended. At present, limited studies have been conducted on the patterns of transmission and genetic diversity of isolated isolates in Iran. Future research to determine the genotype of T. gondii could play an important role in the study of population structure, and biological characteristics of this parasite. It is hoped that the results of this study will help control, prevent, and reduce the burden of disease caused by this parasite.
Toxoplasmosis is a neglected parasitic disease with global distribution in warm-blooded vertebrates and high prevalence among different human societies. We contrived a systematic review and ...meta-analysis on the prevalence of toxoplasmosis in Iran. Following the general methodology recommended for systematic reviews and meta-analysis, four English and three Persian electronic databases were explored up to April 2016. Out of 105,139 examined samples of different hosts, the weighted overall prevalence was 37% (95% CI=31–43). Due to the significant heterogeneity (I2=81.9%) the random-effects model was used. The pool estimated prevalence of toxoplasmosis in human intermediate hosts, animal intermediate hosts, and definitive hosts was 43% (95% CI=38–47), 26 (95% CI=17–35) and, 34% (95% CI=22–46), respectively. Our results represent that regular inspection in food industries, improved screening programs using standard diagnostic assay as well as distinguishing toxoplasmosis condition in other zoonotic hosts are extremely recommended for better disease management in Iran.
Objective: To evaluate the overall prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection among birds and poultries in Iran. Methods: Data were systematically collected from 1983 to 2016 in Iran on the following ...electronic databases: Pub Med, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Science, Magiran, Irandoc, Iran Medex, and Scientific Information Database. Additionally, the abstracts of national scientific congresses and dissertations were included. Results: A total of 20 articles in the field of birds and poultries toxoplasmosis, totally examining 4 563 cases with 754 positive results reporting the overall prevalence of infection from all parts of Iran could fulfill our eligibility criteria. The overall estimated prevalence included in chicken 20%(95% CI: 3% to 38%) in chicken, pigeons 8%(95% CI:-17% to 33%) and in sparrows 15%(95% CI:-25% to 54%). Conclusion: Although there is a lack in data about poultries and birds toxoplasmosis in Iran, our meta-analysis revealed that infection rate is high among birds and poultries in Iran. More studies are needed to manage controlling programs and prevention strategies among poultries in Iran.
Avian schistosomes are considered as main causative agents of human cercarial dermatitis (HCD) in Iran. The study was conducted to determine bird schistosomes in their final and intermediate hosts, ...in main wetlands of Mazandaran.
A total of 255 domestic and wild ducks were collected and the infection of nasal tissues of five (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus, Aythya ferina, Cairina moschata, Anas platyrhynchos and Spatula clypeata) species were analyzed using morphological techniques. Also, 1687 freshwater snails were collected and surveyed by cercarial shedding and crushing tests. Detection of HCD was performed for the presence of clinical symptoms of itching and maculopapular rashs by physical examination.
Of 255 ducks, in 41 (16%) infection with nasal Trichibilarizia spp. were recognized by observing eggs and/or adult worms. The most infected ducks were Anas clypeata and Anas platyrhynchos domesticus. Overall, 0.17% of snails were infected with avian schistosomes. Also, clinical examination of 951 rice farmers revealed that 588 (61.82%) of them were suffered from HCD.
Our data suggest that domestic ducks could play a prominent role as a reservoir host for establishing life cycle of Trichobilharzia in the area. Also, existence of domestic reservoir ducks and suitable snail hosts in ponds and paddy fields of this area, climate conditions of the wetlands in Mazandaran leads to a high incidence of HCD.
<正>Objective:To determine the seroprevalence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii(T.gondii) IgG and IgM antibodies in HIV/AIDS patients and uninfected subjects.Methods:This cross sectional survey was ...carried out on 78 healthy and 62 HIV~+/AIDS individuals in northern ban between September 2007 and October 2008.Five mL of blood samples were collected from each person in case and control groups.Determination of CD4~+ counts was performed by flow cytometry.The serum separated from blood samples was evaluated by conventional ELISA technique to determine the presence of antibodies to T.gondii.Results:Forty eight out of 62(77.4%) HIV/AIDS serum samples were found positive for anti-T.gondii IgG antibody,compared with 59 among 78(75.6%) HIV negative samples from the same area(P>0.05).Six out of 62(9.7%) HIV~+/AIDS patients showed anti-T.gondii IgM antibody in their serum samples,compared with 7 among 78(9%) HIV negative samples(P>0.05).The mean of CD4~+ counts in HIWAIDS was(430.8±182.3) cells/μL and in control group was(871.0±243.3)%cells/μL(P<0.01).CD4~+ estimation in 5(11.1%) of HIV~+/AIDS patients was <200 cells/μL(P<0.000 1).Conclusions:Seroprevalence of latent toxoplasmosis in HIV patients is high,therefore the prevention of toxoplasmic encephalitis,administration of primary prophylaxis with co-trimoxazole to all HIV~+/AIDS patients are necessary.
Rodents are considered as reservoir hosts for various pathogens (such as Toxoplasma gondii) and have been revealed to play an important role in the spread of several infectious diseases to humans and ...other animals. The aim of this investigation was to survey the prevalence of anti-T. gondii IgG antibodies in wild rats in Northern Iran. One hundred rats were caught using rat traps set in different areas in Northern Iran (September 2017). The thoracic cavity of each rat was opened, and then the blood sample was collected from the heart. IgG anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies were detected using the modified agglutination test (MAT) with a cutoff value equal to 1 : 40. Overall, 56% of rats were infected by T. gondii. Considering the sex of rats, 45% of male and 55% of female rats were seropositive, but the differences were not statistically significant. There was a significant difference between seropositivity and habitat types and age of rodents. Our findings have public health implications and confirm the high seroprevalence of T. gondii infection in northern Iran. The study established that wild rats represent an important and persistent wildlife intermediate host reservoir for T. gondii.
Freshwater snails, as the first intermediate hosts of trematodes, can cause health hazards in animals and humans. Recently, the World Health Organization has included Iran in a list of 6 countries ...known to have serious problems with fascioliasis. In addition, cercarial dermatitis is a job-related disease that is seen often in paddy workers, agricultural labourers, and fishermen in Iran, particularly in Mazandaran Province. Many studies have been conducted in Iran to survey larval trematodes in freshwater snails. However, to the best of our knowledge, no comprehensive data exist regarding infections in gastropods. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to estimate the types and prevalence of cercarial infections in snails in Iran. Electronic English-language and Persian-language databases were searched to identify 24 published articles reporting the prevalence of trematode infections in snails (9 species from 6 families) in various provinces of Iran. In total, 4.4% of gastropods were infected with the larval stages of trematodes. According to the studies reviewed in this meta-analysis' the highest infection prevalence was found in Radix auricularia (9.9%). Twelve larval species of trematodes were identified, and the highest prevalence of cercariae was found for Echinostomatidae cercariae (4.3%). Among the provinces explored, West Azerbaijan had the highest prevalence of infected snails (16.9%). The presence of trematodes in snails could pose a serious health problem in Iran. Thus, further studies are necessary to characterize these infections in other provinces.
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