A social allergen has been defined as “bothersome behavior of others that increases in irritation as a result of repetition and attributions about them.” This study investigates how partner phubbing ...impacts relationship satisfaction among relationship partners. Partner phubbing is shorthand for “partner phone snubbing” and is viewed as a social allergen. The impact of such behavior, however, is predicated upon how the affected partner interprets such behavior. Previous research created a 2 × 2 matrix of social allergens based upon the perceived personal directedness and intentionality of the allergen. Study 1 and 2 results show that adults (n = 250) and college students (n = 213) do not see partner phubbing as being personally directed. In fact, 75% of adults and 82% of college students see partner phubbing as “Uncouth” behavior (not intentional nor perceived as personal). Twenty percent of adults and 16% of college students view partner phubbing as a norm violation (intentional, but not personal). A moderated – mediation regression for each sample found that the relationship between partner phubbing and relationship satisfaction is mediated by perceived relational denigration. When intentionality is high, partner phubbing is associated with higher levels of perceived relational denigration and lower relationship satisfaction.
•Partner phubbing is modelled as a social allergen.•Partner phubbing is considered an Uncouth behavior by most respondents.•Partner phubbing and relationship satisfaction are negatively associated.•Relational denigration acts as a mediator.•Intentionality moderates the partner phubbing – relational denigration relationship.
Individuals often have a need to predict the preferences of others (e.g., offering a recommendation, gift giving). In doing so, it is not uncommon that individuals project their attitudes and ...preferences onto others. Extant consumer research literature related to social projection focuses largely on particular situational variables that influence social projection. The current research adds to a smaller body of consumer research which focuses on specific characteristics of consumers’ selves that may drive an individual's tendency to project his/her attitudes onto others. Specifically, the present paper explores an individual‐level moderator of social projection, namely, interpersonal attachment style. Across five studies, interpersonal attachment style, and attachment anxiety, specifically, is shown to influence social projection. In addition, the mechanism underlying this relationship is demonstrated. The results show that high (vs. low) anxious attachment individuals tend to naturally consider more counter‐valence attributes of a product, that is., liked attributes of a disliked product and disliked attributes of a liked product, and this availability of counter‐valence attributes lowers social projection. Important theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
SARS-CoV-2 variants that attenuate antibody neutralization could jeopardize vaccine efficacy. We recently reported the protective activity of an intranasally administered spike protein-based ...chimpanzee adenovirus-vectored vaccine (ChAd-SARS-CoV-2-S) in animals, which has advanced to human trials. Here, we assessed its durability, dose response, and cross-protective activity in mice. A single intranasal dose of ChAd-SARS-CoV-2-S induced durably high neutralizing and Fc effector antibody responses in serum and S-specific IgG and IgA secreting long-lived plasma cells in the bone marrow. Protection against a historical SARS-CoV-2 strain was observed across a 100-fold vaccine dose range and over a 200-day period. At 6 weeks or 9 months after vaccination, serum antibodies neutralized SARS-CoV-2 strains with B.1.351, B.1.1.28, and B.1.617.1 spike proteins and conferred almost complete protection in the upper and lower respiratory tracts after challenge with variant viruses. Thus, in mice, intranasal immunization with ChAd-SARS-CoV-2-S provides durable protection against historical and emerging SARS-CoV-2 strains.
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•Immunization with ChAd-SARS-CoV-2 S induces durable immunity•Intranasal ChAd-SARS-CoV-2 S induces inhibitory IgG and IgA Abs•Abs induced by intranasal ChAd-SARS-CoV-2 S have robust Fc effector functions•Intranasal ChAd-SARS-CoV-2 S confers cross-protection against variants of concern
Hassan et al. show that immunization with ChAd-SARS-CoV-2-S is durably immunogenic and protects against SARS-CoV-2 challenge in a dose-dependent manner. Many months after single-dose intranasal immunization, ChAd-SARS-CoV-2 confers protection against variants of concerns of SARS-CoV-2 in both the upper and lower respiratory tracts of mice.
Peptides are the largest and most diverse class of molecules used for neurochemical communication, playing key roles in the control of essentially all aspects of physiology and behavior. The American ...lobster, Homarus americanus, is a crustacean of commercial and biomedical importance; lobster growth and reproduction are under neuropeptidergic control, and portions of the lobster nervous system serve as models for understanding the general principles underlying rhythmic motor behavior (including peptidergic neuromodulation). While a number of neuropeptides have been identified from H. americanus, and the effects of some have been investigated at the cellular/systems levels, little is currently known about the molecular components of neuropeptidergic signaling in the lobster. Here, a H. americanus neural transcriptome was generated and mined for sequences encoding putative peptide precursors and receptors; 35 precursor- and 41 receptor-encoding transcripts were identified. We predicted 194 distinct neuropeptides from the deduced precursor proteins, including members of the adipokinetic hormone-corazonin-like peptide, allatostatin A, allatostatin C, bursicon, CCHamide, corazonin, crustacean cardioactive peptide, crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH), CHH precursor-related peptide, diuretic hormone 31, diuretic hormone 44, eclosion hormone, FLRFamide, GSEFLamide, insulin-like peptide, intocin, leucokinin, myosuppressin, neuroparsin, neuropeptide F, orcokinin, pigment dispersing hormone, proctolin, pyrokinin, SIFamide, sulfakinin and tachykinin-related peptide families. While some of the predicted peptides are known H. americanus isoforms, most are novel identifications, more than doubling the extant lobster neuropeptidome. The deduced receptor proteins are the first descriptions of H. americanus neuropeptide receptors, and include ones for most of the peptide groups mentioned earlier, as well as those for ecdysis-triggering hormone, red pigment concentrating hormone and short neuropeptide F. Multiple receptors were identified for most peptide families. These data represent the most complete description of the molecular underpinnings of peptidergic signaling in H. americanus, and will serve as a foundation for future gene-based studies of neuropeptidergic control in the lobster.
Despite their growing popularity, little research has focused on the association between Instagram and TikTok use and psychological well-being. Informed by Uses and Gratifications Theory, the present ...study investigates the flow states experienced when using each social media platform and whether these flow states differentially impact user well-being. A flow state is achieved when people are so engrossed in an activity that little else seems to matter to them and they will often continue the activity despite its negative consequences. Based upon a survey of adult Instagram (
= 195,
= 38) and TikTok users (
= 225,
= 37), the present study identified four unique clusters of users for both platforms based upon the levels of five flow dimensions: focused attention, curiosity, enjoyment, telepresence, and time distortion. Results found that TikTok users reported higher levels of overall flow than Instagram users. TikTok users also reported higher levels of the flow dimensions "enjoyment" and "time distortion." The flow dimension of "telepresence" (immersion in a world created by the social media application) for both TikTok and Instagram users was associated with higher levels of depression and anxiety. These social media may provide an escape from everyday worries for users, although a suboptimal coping strategy. Whether Instagram and TikTok use are but "improved means to an unimproved end" is an important question that requires additional research.
Social media offers a nearly unlimited number of opportunities to bond with others. The present research, however, suggests that social media use can have both positive and negative implications for ...our well-being. Passive use of social media entails viewing others' social media pages without interacting with the page owner. Across three studies, which included two survey-based studies and an experimental study, consistent results are found showing that passive social media use moderates the relationship between social media usage/intensity and perceived social connection. Study 1 found social media intensity involving more passive engagement was associated with less social connection and lower well-being. Study 2 found that the interaction between social media use across 11 social media platforms and high passive use of these platforms is associated with lower perceived social connection and, subsequently, higher stress. In response to a call for more experimental research by Verduyn et al. (2017), Study 3 manipulated social media use (heavy or light) and type of social media use (passive vs. active) and found that heavy social media use has a negative impact on social connection when used passively, but a positive effect when used actively. In addition, the present study adds to the emerging literature which shows that one's emotional connection to social media, and the time spent on social media, in combination with how social media is used (passively or actively), is associated with perceived social connection and user well-being. Future research directions and study limitations are discussed.
Les médias sociaux offrent un nombre quasi illimité d'occasions de se rapprocher des autres. La présente étude suggère toutefois que l'utilisation des médias sociaux peut avoir des conséquences à la fois positives et négatives sur notre bien-être. L'utilisation passive des médias sociaux consiste à consulter les pages des autres sur les médias sociaux sans interagir avec le propriétaire de la page. Dans trois études, comprenant deux études basées sur des enquêtes et une étude expérimentale, des résultats cohérents montrent que l'utilisation passive des médias sociaux modère la relation entre l'utilisation/intensité des médias sociaux et le niveau de connexion sociale perçu. L'étude 1 a révélé que l'intensité des médias sociaux impliquant un engagement plus passif était associée à un niveau de connexion sociale moindre et à un bien-être plus faible. L'étude 2 a révélé que l'interaction entre l'utilisation des médias sociaux sur 11 plateformes de médias sociaux et une utilisation passive élevée de ces plateformes est associée à un niveau de connexion sociale perçu plus faible et, par la suite, à un stress plus élevé. En réponse à un appel à un nombre accru de recherches expérimentales lancé par Verduyn et al. (2017), l'étude 3 a manipulé l'utilisation des médias sociaux (fréquente ou faible) et le type d'utilisation des médias sociaux (passive vs active) et a constaté que l'utilisation fréquente des médias sociaux a un impact négatif sur le niveau de connexion sociale lorsqu'elle est utilisée de manière passive, mais un effet positif lorsqu'elle est utilisée de manière active. En outre, la présente étude s'ajoute à la littérature émergente qui montre que le lien émotionnel d'une personne avec les médias sociaux et le temps passé sur les médias sociaux, en combinaison avec la façon dont les médias sociaux sont utilisés (passivement ou activement), sont associés au niveau de connexion sociale perçu et au bien-être de l'utilisateur. Les orientations de recherche futures et les limites de l'étude sont discutées.
Public Significance Statement
The primary goal of social media is to help individuals connect with others. The present research, however, finds that intense social media use is sometimes negatively associated with an individual's sense of social connection and, ultimately, their well-being. Results across three studies reveal that heavy users of social media are more likely to experience negative consequences, such as feeling socially disconnected and experiencing greater stress and lower well-being, if they use social media in a passive manner (i.e., to view others' social media pages without actively interacting with others) as opposed to using social media to actively engage with others.
The dual (bidirectional) nature of social media suggests that fear-of-missing-out (FOMO) leads to greater social media use (SMU). In turn, higher levels of SMU lead to heightened FOMO. Ironically, ...individuals use social media to assuage their FOMO but end up with higher levels of FOMO after being exposed to a wide variety of social opportunities, where they may not have been included. The present research examines the hypothesized bidirectional causal flow between FOMO and SMU. Extant research involving FOMO has been largely correlational. In Study 1, FOMO was manipulated and found to increase reported levels of SMU. Study 2 manipulated SMU, which led to higher levels of FOMO. It appears that, regarding FOMO, social media does exhibit a dual (bidirectional) nature.
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) variants associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) and Crohn's disease lead to increased phosphorylation of its Rab substrates. While it has been recently shown ...that perturbations in cellular homeostasis including lysosomal damage can increase LRRK2 activity and localization to lysosomes, the molecular mechanisms by which LRRK2 activity is regulated have remained poorly defined. We performed a targeted siRNA screen to identify regulators of LRRK2 activity and identified Rab12 as a novel modulator of LRRK2-dependent phosphorylation of one of its substrates, Rab10. Using a combination of imaging and immunopurification methods to isolate lysosomes, we demonstrated that Rab12 is actively recruited to damaged lysosomes and leads to a local and LRRK2-dependent increase in Rab10 phosphorylation. PD-linked variants, including LRRK2 R1441G and VPS35 D620N, lead to increased recruitment of LRRK2 to the lysosome and a local elevation in lysosomal levels of pT73 Rab10. Together, these data suggest a conserved mechanism by which Rab12, in response to damage or expression of PD-associated variants, facilitates the recruitment of LRRK2 and phosphorylation of its Rab substrate(s) at the lysosome.
Hemostasis encompasses an ensemble of interactions among platelets, coagulation factors, blood cells, endothelium, and hemodynamic forces, but current assays assess only isolated aspects of this ...complex process. Accordingly, here we develop a comprehensive in vitro mechanical injury bleeding model comprising an "endothelialized" microfluidic system coupled with a microengineered pneumatic valve that induces a vascular "injury". With perfusion of whole blood, hemostatic plug formation is visualized and "in vitro bleeding time" is measured. We investigate the interaction of different components of hemostasis, gaining insight into several unresolved hematologic issues. Specifically, we visualize and quantitatively demonstrate: the effect of anti-platelet agent on clot contraction and hemostatic plug formation, that von Willebrand factor is essential for hemostasis at high shear, that hemophilia A blood confers unstable hemostatic plug formation and altered fibrin architecture, and the importance of endothelial phosphatidylserine in hemostasis. These results establish the versatility and clinical utility of our microfluidic bleeding model.
Research suggests that people around the world spend anywhere from an hour to as much as ten hours daily on their smartphones. However, the vast majority of this research has used self-reported data, ...which is widely considered unreliable. The present research is among the first to capture actual smartphone use and to examine its relationship with individual and relational well-being. Results reveal that, although smartphone use is generally negatively associated with well-being, this is not always so. Deeper analyses show that certain categories of apps are positively associated with well-being, thus revealing a more nuanced relationship between smartphone use and individual well-being. Research which suggests a negative association between smartphone use and well-being may represent an oversimplified perspective of a complex relationship.
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