As a growing number of educational institutions are offering online programs, teachers need to be competent in this new way of teaching. This is especially the case for synchronous online learning ...through videoconferencing technology, an emergent and so far understudied form of online education. Based on a systematic literature review of 30 studies, this study identifies 24 competence clusters, which can be grouped into 5 teacher roles associated with synchronous online teaching through videoconferencing: the instructional, managerial, technical, communicational, and social role. This framework can act as a starting point for future research on this understudied topic and can also provide directions to support teachers’ professionalization and practice.
•The systematic literature review shows that synchronous online teaching through videoconferencing requires specific competences.•We present a framework for clarifying teachers' roles and competences that are required for synchronous online teaching.•The research synthesis offers directions for professional development initiatives and for teachers to optimize their teaching.
•Patients with cystic fibrosis are prone to electrolyte disturbances.•Guidelines state to monitor sodium status.•Sodium/creatinine ratio is an excellent surrogate marker for fractional sodium ...excretion.•Cut-offs for sodium/creatinine ratio are age related.
Electrolyte disturbances are common in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Current guidelines on monitoring sodium status are based on research in a small group of infants and require blood sampling. The aim of this study was to evaluate urinary salt parameters as a surrogate for sodium-status in different age-groups.
Blood and urine samples for electrolytes were collected from 222 patients followed at the Ghent University Hospital CF-center. Fractional sodium excretion (FENa) and several urinary parameters were calculated. Clinical characteristics did not differ according to sodium status, defined as FENa <0.5%. ROC analysis demonstrated that sodium/creatinine ratio (UNa/Creat) predicted the sodium status most accurately with high sensitivity and specificity (97 and 91% respectively). The UNa/Creat cut-off predicting a FENa <0.5% differed significantly according to age.
The UNa/Creat is an excellent marker for the sodium status defined as a FENa <0.5%. However, different cut-offs according to age category should be applied.
Proprotein convertases are serine endoproteases implicated in the proteolytic processing of a large variety of regulatory proteins. An important role of proprotein convertases in tumorigenic ...processes has been suggested by various studies. In this study, the role of the proprotein convertase furin in PLAG1 proto-oncogene-induced salivary gland tumorigenesis was investigated. PLAG1 overexpression in salivary glands has previously been shown to result in salivary gland tumors in 100% of mice within 5 weeks after birth. MMTV-cre-mediated inactivation of fur without over-expression of PLAG1 caused smaller but histologically normal salivary glands. Moreover, the lymph nodes close to the salivary glands were enlarged, and histology showed that they had activated follicles. When genetic ablation of 1 or 2 alleles of fur and overexpression of the PLAG1 transgene were simultaneously achieved, a significant delay in tumorigenesis was observed. Collectively, these results suggest an important role for furin in PLAG1-induced salivary gland tumorigenesis in mice.
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