Pinellia ternata
(Thunb.) Breit. is an important traditional Chinese medicinal herb and very sensitive to high temperatures. To gain a better understanding of flavonoid biosynthesis under heat stress ...in
P. ternata
, we performed integrated analyses of metabolome and transcriptome data.
P. ternata
plants were subjected to a temperature of 38 °C, and samples were collected after 10 d of treatment. A total of 502 differential accumulated metabolites and 5040 different expressed transcripts were identified, with flavonoid biosynthesis predominantly enriched. Integrated metabolomics and transcriptome analysis showed that high temperature treatment upregulated the expression of
CYP73A
and downregulated the expression of other genes (such as
HCT, CCoAOMT
,
DFR1, DFR2
), which might inhibit the biosynthesis of the downstream metabolome, including such metabolites as chlorogenic acid, pelargonidin, cyanidin, and (-)-epigallocatechin in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. The transcription expression levels of these genes were validated by real-time PCR. Our results provide valuable insights into flavonoid composition and accumulation patterns and the candidate genes participating in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathways under heat stress in
P. ternata
.
Vacuolar invertase is involved in sugar metabolism and plays a crucial role in plant growth and development, thus regulating seed size. However, information linking vacuolar invertase and seed size ...in rice is limited. Here we characterized a small grain mutant
(grain size on chromosome 2) that showed a reduced in grain size and 1000-grain weight compared to the wild type. Map-based cloning and genetic complementation showed that
is responsible for the observed phenotype. Loss-of-function of
resulted in grains of smaller size when compared to the wild type, while overexpression showed increased grain size. We also obtained a T-DNA insertion mutant of
, which is a homolog of
and generated double knockout (
) mutants of
and
using CRISPR/Cas9. Genetic data showed that
, that has no effect on grain size by itself, reduces grain length and width in the absence of
. Altered sugar content with increased sucrose and decreased hexose levels, as well as changes vacuolar invertase activities and starch constitution in
,
,
mutants indicate that
and
affect sucrose metabolism in sink organs. In summary, we identified
as a positive regulator of grain size in rice, and while
has no function on grain size by itself. In the absence of
, it is possible to detect a role of
in the regulation of grain size. Both
and
are involved in sucrose metabolism, and thus regulate grain size. Our findings increase our understanding of the role of
and its homolog,
, in grain size development and also suggest a potential strategy to improve grain yield in rice.
Lesion mimic mutants display spontaneous cell death, and thus are valuable for understanding the molecular mechanism of cell death and disease resistance. Although a lot of such mutants have been ...characterized in rice, the relationship between lesion formation and abscisic acid (ABA) synthesis pathway is not reported. In the present study, we identified a rice mutant,
(
), exhibiting spontaneous cell death, pre-harvest sprouting, enhanced growth, and resistance to rice bacterial and blast diseases. Cell death in the mutant was accompanied with excessive accumulation of H
O
. Enhanced disease resistance was associated with cell death and upregulation of defense-related genes. Map-based cloning identified a G-to-A point mutation resulting in a D-to-N substitution at the amino acid position 110 of OsABA2 (LOC_Os03g59610) in
. Knock-out of
through CRISPR/Cas9 led to phenotypes similar to those of
. Consistent with the function of
in ABA biosynthesis, ABA level in the
mutant was significantly reduced. Moreover, exogenous application of ABA could rescue all the mutant phenotypes of
. Taken together, our data linked ABA deficiency to cell death and provided insight into the role of ABA in rice disease resistance.
Panicle apical abortion (PAA) causes severe yield losses in rice production, but details about its development and molecular basis remain elusive. Herein, a PAA mutant,
, was identified among the ...progeny of an elite indica maintainer rice line Yixiang 1B (YXB) mutagenized population obtained using ethyl methyl sulfonate. The abortion rate of spikelets in
was observed up to 60%. Genetic mapping combined with Mutmap analysis revealed that
harbored a single-bp substitution (C to T) that altered its transcript length. This gene encodes calcineurin B-like protein-interacting protein kinase 31 (OsCIPK31) localized into the cytoplasm, and is preferentially expressed in transport tissues of rice. Complementation of
by transferring the open reading frame of
from YXB reversed the mutant phenotype, and conversely, gene editing by knocking out of
in YXB results in PAA phenotype. Our results support that
plays an important role in panicle development. We found that dysregulation is caused by the disruption of
function due to excessive accumulation of ROS, which ultimately leads to cell death in rice panicle.
and MAPK pathway might have a synergistic effect to lead ROS accumulation in response to stresses. Meanwhile the PAA distribution is related to IAA hormone accumulation in the panicle. Our study provides an understanding of the role of OsCIPK31 in panicle development by responding to various stresses and phytohormones.
A new cold tolerant germplasm resource named glutinous rice 89-1 (Gr89-1,
Oryza sativa
L.) can overwinter using axillary buds, with these buds being ratooned the following year. The overwintering ...seedling rate (OSR) is an important factor for evaluating cold tolerance. Many quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling cold tolerance at different growth stages in rice have been identified, with some of these QTLs being successfully cloned. However, no QTLs conferring to the OSR trait have been located in the perennial
O. sativa
L. To identify QTLs associated with OSR and to evaluate cold tolerance. 286 F
12
recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from a cross between the cold tolerant variety Gr89-1 and cold sensitive variety Shuhui527 (SH527) were used. A total of 198 polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers that were distributed uniformly on 12 chromosomes were used to construct the linkage map. The gene ontology (GO) annotation of the major QTL was performed through the rice genome annotation project system. Three main-effect QTLs (
qOSR2, qOSR3
, and
qOSR8
) were detected and mapped on chromosomes 2, 3, and 8, respectively. These QTLs were located in the interval of RM14208 (35,160,202 base pairs (bp))–RM208 (35,520,147 bp), RM218 (8,375,236 bp)–RM232 (9,755,778 bp), and RM5891 (24,626,930 bp)–RM23608 (25,355,519 bp), and explained 19.6%, 9.3%, and 11.8% of the phenotypic variations, respectively. The
qOSR2
QTL displayed the largest effect, with a logarithm of odds score (LOD) of 5.5. A total of 47 candidate genes on the
qOSR2
locus were associated with 219 GO terms. Among these candidate genes, 11 were related to cell membrane, 7 were associated with cold stress, and 3 were involved in response to stress and biotic stimulus.
OsPIP1;3
was the only one candidate gene related to stress, biotic stimulus, cold stress, and encoding a cell membrane protein. After QTL mapping, a total of three main-effect QTLs—
qOSR2, qOSR3
, and
qOSR8—
were detected on chromosomes 2, 3, and 8, respectively. Among these,
qOSR2
explained the highest phenotypic variance. All the QTLs elite traits come from the cold resistance parent Gr89-1.
OsPIP1;3
might be a candidate gene of
qOSR2
.
To evaluate the clinical effect of semi-attached quad-helix appliance in expanding the narrow maxillary arches in patients with cleft lip and palate.
15 cases with cleft lip and palate were selected ...and treated by semi-attached quad-helix appliance. Before, during, and after treatment, the dental arch width between cuspid, the first premolar and first molar were measured.
The upper dental arches of all patients were expanded effectively in about five months. After orthodontic treatment, the upper dental arches were expanded, and the teeth were alined regularly, which provided good conditions for alveolar bone grafting.
The semi-attached quad-helix appliance with the fixed orthodontic treatment can expand the narrow maxillary arches in patients with cleft lip and palate effectively and conveniently.
The present study focused on the segregation of the percentage of grains with chalkiness (PGWC), using Huanghuazhan as the female parent and CS197 as the male parent to construct the hybrid rice F2 ...population. Molecular markers were used for genotype analysis among the extremely low and extremely high PGWC individuals from the F2population. The results revealed that the genotypes of 10 extremely low PGWC individuals were 80.00% and 3.33%, which is identical to Huanghuazhan and CS197, respectively. The heterozygotes accounted for 16.67%. On the contrary, the genotypes of 10 extremely high PGWC individuals were 37.78% and 32.22%, which is identical to Huanghuazhan and CS197, respectively. The heterozygotes accounted for 30.00%. The extremely low and extremely high PGWC individuals had high coincidence with the corresponding F2:3 family lines in phenotype and genotype. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed that the shape and spacing of starch granules in the extreme low and high PGWC individuals corresponded to Huanghuazhan and CS197, respectively. Correlation analysis showed that the F2 individuals showed a normal distribution trending towards Huanghuazhan. The broad heritability sense was 26.31%, and the narrow heritability sense was 17.21%. The results of cluster analysis showed that the range of PGWC variations of group III based on phenotype varied from 5.66% to 50.00% with an average of 25.46%, and group II results based on genotype varied from 14.34% to 60.67% with an average of 32.33%. Groups II and III shared 28 identical individuals.
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