U radu je opisano 23. Državno natjecanje učenika graditeljskih i geodetskih škola Republike Hrvatske, koje je održano od 12. do 14. travnja 2018. godine u Varaždinu.
As the only non-European Union (EU) country, Serbia participated in a second point prevalence survey of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) and antimicrobial use (AMU) organized by the European ...Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) in the EU countries. Here, we aimed to estimate the prevalence of HAI and AMU in patients who had recently undergone a surgery and to compare risk profile, HAI rates, and AMU among surgical patients and non-surgical patients.
A national PPS was performed in 65 Serbian acute-care hospitals, in November 2017. In this paper, the data of 61 hospitals for adult acute-care were analyzed. To ensure the comparability of study design we used the Serbian translation of ECDC case definitions and ECDC PPS protocol. The trained infection control staff, led by a hospital coordinator, reviewed medical records to identify HAI active at the time of the survey and AMU. Only inpatients admitted to the ward before 8 a.m. on the day if the survey were included.
A total of 12,478 patients from 61 hospitals for adult acute-care were eligible for inclusion in this study. Significantly higher proportions of surgical patients were female, belonged to the 60-to-79 age group, and were less severely ill. Also, extrinsic factors (invasive devices, hospitalization at the ICU, and prior antibiotics therapy) were more frequent in surgical patients. Prevalence of HAIs was higher among surgical patients (261/3626; 7.2%) than among non-surgical patients (258/8852; 2.9%) (p < 0.0001). The highest prevalence of all HAIs was noted in patients who had kidney transplantation (4/11; 36.4%), while SSIs were the most prevalent among patients who had peripheral vascular bypass surgery (3/15; 20.0%). Non-surgical patients received treatment for community-acquired infections in significantly higher proportion (2664/8852; 64.3) (p < 0.001). Surgical prophylaxis for more than 1 day was applied in 71.4% of surgical patients.
We have provided an insight into the burden of HAIs and AMU among Serbia acute-care hospitals, and highlighted several priority areas and targets for quality improvement.
Millions of patients acquire healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) every year, putting them at risk for serious complications and prolonged hospitalization. Point prevalence surveys (PPS), guided ...by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control framework, are one of the primary methods by which countries in the European Union conduct surveillance of HAIs. Serbia, though not in the EU, implemented this approach in its national PPS. The microbiological and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) analyses comprised patients in 61 out of 65 hospitals included in the fourth PPS conducted in November 2017. A total of 515/12,380 (4.2%) of the adult patients included in the PPS had at least one HAI, with intensive care units carrying the highest prevalence of 15.9%. Urinary tract and surgical site infections were the most frequently identified types of HAIs (23.9% and 23.0%, respectively). Enterobacterales comprised almost half (47.0%) of all causative agents, most notably Klebsiella spp. (16.7%). AMR was very high for most pathogens—80.5% of nonfermentative Gram-negative bacilli were resistant to carbapenems whereas 62.9% of Enterobacterales were resistant to third generation cephalosporins. The calculated AMR index of 61% is one of the highest in Europe. Further efforts are needed to reduce the burden of HAIs in Serbia that carry very high resistance rates to antibiotics currently used in clinical practice.
In this study, estimation capacities and optimization of a dye concentration sensing model by an adapted neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) as well as central composite design coupled with response ...surface methodology using a plastic optical fiber (POF) based sensor were investigated. Various diameters
of POF were used for sensing different concentrations of Remazol Black B (RBB), which acts as a sensing medium of the process. The efficiency of sensing was studied as a function of three independent variables: diameter of POF, concentration of RBB dye, and initial temperature of the solution. First, the independent parameters were fed as inputs to an ANFIS, and the output of the system was the output intensity of dye ratio to output the intensity of distilled water. ANFIS showed that this established model is reliable for a dye concentration sensing process and is mainly influenced by its diameter.
The study's major purpose was to find the best predictors for biodiesel efficiency based on emission variables and using jojoba oil as a fuel. Given the importance of biodiesel in reducing carbon ...dioxide emissions, a more thorough examination of such engines is required. As a result, the study's major goal was to use a selection technique to determine the best predictors for brake thermal efficiency (%), unburnt hydrocarbons (ppm vol.) and oxides of nitrogen (ppm vol.) of the biodiesel engine. For such a purpose several factors are selected and analyzed. The input variables are blending (%), fuel injection timing (obTDC), fuel injection pressure (bar) and engine load (%). The analyzing procedure was performed by adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and all available parameters are included. The ANFIS model could be used as simplification of the analysis since there is no need for knowledge of internal physical and chemical characteristics of the biodiesel engine. The results from the function clearly indicate that the input attribute “Engine load” (RMSE = 1.8002) is the most influential for the brake thermal efficiency. Furthermore, the input attribute “Fuel injection pressure” (RMSE = 4.2620) is the most influential for the unburnt hydrocarbons. “Engine load” (RMSE = 4.7484) is the most influential for the oxides of nitrogen. In this paper, an adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) was used to develop a prediction approach for determining the influence of hydrolysis time, cellulase loading, b-Glucosidase loading, substrate loading and working volume on the enzymatic saccharification on the yield of glucose. The ideal combination of two input attributes or two predictors for enzymatic saccharification on glucose yield was discovered to be “substrate loading” and “working volume” (RMSE = 4.1625). The findings could be useful in reducing the cost of the procedure by optimizing enzymatic saccharification on glucose response yield.
•Biodiesel efficiency based on emission variables and using jojoba oil.•“Engine load” is the most influential for the brake thermal efficiency.•“Fuel injection pressure” is the most influential for the unburnt hydrocarbons.•“Engine load” is the most influential for the oxides of nitrogen.
This research paper analyzes the speckle noise distributions in images for denoising performance prediction through the prism of spatial domain. The values at the maximum, minimum and middle of ...spectrum in spatial domain are taken as reference values. All obtained results give a better overview of the “nature” of the digital images in comparison to the theoretical definitions of noises and images as digital signals. Therefore, analyses of the noises in the 2D spectrum give good recommendations for improvement of the filters. The main aim in this study is to investigate which speckle noise distributions in images has the strongest influence for denoising performance prediction. The clean images are available and we adopt it for evaluating our network. In our experiments, Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR), normalized color difference (NCD), and feature similarity index for color image quality assessment (FSIMc), are used to measure denoising performance. is selected as the evaluation index of the image. Studies on speckle noise distributions in images show that such distribution do have certain disciplines. ALOHA filter is the most influential for the denoising performance prediction.
The screening for intestinal carriage of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp. (VRE) among high risk patients in the Balkan region and molecular epidemiology of VRE is insufficiently investigated, ...yet it could be of key importance in infection control. The aim of this study was to provide baseline data on VRE intestinal carriage among high-risk patients in Serbian university hospitals, to determine the phenotypic/genotypic profiles of the isolated VRE, to obtain knowledge of local resistance patterns and bridge the gaps in current VRE surveillance.
The VRE reservoir was investigated using stool samples from 268 inpatients. Characterization of isolated VRE stains consisted of BD Phoenix system, genotypic identification, glycopeptide and quinupristin-dalfopristin (Q-D) resistance probing, virulence gene (esp, hyl, efaA, asa1, gelE, cpd) detection and MLVA. Biofilm formation was evaluated by the microtiter plate method.
VRE carriage prevalence among at-risk patients was 28.7%. All VRE strains were vanA positive multidrug-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRfm), harboring ermB-1 (38.9%), esp (84%), efaA (71.2%), hyl (54.5%), asa1 (23.4%), gelE and cpd (11.6%) each. Ability of biofilm production was detected in 20.8%. Genetic relatedness of the isolates revealed 13 clusters, heterogeneous picture and 25 unique MTs profiles.
The obtained prevalence of VRE intestinal carriage among high-risk inpatients in Serbia is higher than the European average, with high percentage of multidrug resistance. The emergence of resistance to Q-D is of particular concern. Close monitoring of pattern of resistance and strict adherence to specific guidelines are urgently needed in Serbia.
Occupational exposure to blood and body fluids is a serious concern of health care workers and presents a major risk of transmission of infections such as human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV), ...hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV).
The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and circumstances of occupational blood and body fluid exposures among health care workers.
Cross-sectional study was conducted in three university hospitals in Belgrade. Anonymous questionnaire was used containing data about demographic characteristics, self-reported blood and body fluid exposures and circumstances of percutaneous injuries.
Questionnaire was filled in and returned by 216 health care workers (78.2% of nurses and 21.8% of doctors). 60.6% of participants-health care workers had sustained at least one needlestick injury during their professional practice; 25.9% of them in the last 12 months. Of occupational groups, nurses had higher risk to experience needlestick injuries than doctors (p = 0.05). The majority of the exposures occurred in the operating theatre (p = 0.001). Among factors contributing to the occurrence of needlestick injuries, recapping needles (p = 0.003) and decontamination/cleaning instruments after surgery (p = 0.001) were more frequent among nurses, while use of a needle before intervention was common among doctors (p = 0.004). Only 41.2% of health care workers had reported their injuries to a supervisor in order to obtain medical attention. 50.2% of health care workers were vaccinated with three doses of hepatitis B vaccine.
There is a high rate of needlestick injuries in the daily hospital routine. Implementation of safety devices would lead to improvement in health and safety of medical staff.
The predictors of intestinal carriage of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp. (VRE) among high-risk patients in the counties of the Southeast Europe Region are insufficiently investigated, yet they ...could be of key importance in infection control. The aim of the study was to identify risk factors associated with fecal VRE colonization among high-risk inpatients in university hospitals in Serbia. The study comprised 268 inpatients from three university hospitals. Data on patient demographics and clinical characteristics, length of hospital stay, therapy, and procedures were obtained from medical records. Chi-squared tests and univariate and multivariate logistic regressions were performed. Compared to the hemodialysis departments, stay in the geriatric departments, ICUs, and haemato-oncology departments increased the risk for VRE colonization 7.6, 5.4, and 5.5 times, respectively. Compared to inpatients who were hospitalized 48 h before stool sampling for VRE isolation, inpatients hospitalized 3–7, 8–15, and longer than 16 days before sampling had 5.0-, 4.7-, and 6.6-fold higher risk for VRE colonization, respectively. The use of cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones increased the risk for VRE colonization by 2.2 and 1.9 times, respectively. The age ≥ 65 years increased the risk for VRE colonization 2.3 times. In comparison to the University Clinical Centre of Serbia, the hospital stays at Zemun and Zvezdara University Medical Centres were identified as a protector factors. The obtained results could be valuable in predicting the fecal VRE colonization status at patient admission and consequent implementation of infection control measures targeting at-risk inpatients where VRE screening is not routinely performed.
Introduction
The Human Development Index (HDI), as one of the more complex composite indicators of the level of human potential and quality of life, is a combination of three dimensions (indicators, ...factors): life expectancy at birth, the middle number of years of education and the expected number of years of schooling combined into a single education index and economic benefits expressed by production, or GDP (gross domestic product) according to purchasing power (PPP US $).
Methods
The same measures and average achievements in the field of health, education, and living standards are presented. The HDI was first developed in 1990 under the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) and is published as Human Development Reports (HDR). At present, it has become the most widely used complex indicator suitable for international comparisons and assessments of the achieved development level of a particular country or region.
Results
The paper deals specifically with the more perspective view of human development in the Western Balkans, with a series of socio‐economic implications for the development policy of the countries under observation.
Conclusion
The particular significance of the conducted research stems from the fact that in the countries of the Western Balkans are identified factors at the beginning of the transition period were often marginalized in the creation of macroeconomic policies, but in recent years there have been more positive developments in that regard.
The Human Development Index (HDI)—the level of human potential and quality of life. Measures in the field of health, education, and living standards are presented. Factors at the beginning of the transition period were often marginalized
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