The problem of the pedagogical interaction between the penitentiary workers and the inmates is a topical issue in Lithuania today. The essence of the constructive interaction is empathy, and the aim ...of the interaction is to create and make the members of the interaction more cooperative with each other. The opposite effect to that of the interaction brings about unnatural and abnormal behavior both of the trainers and their trainees. The aim of the article is to set the peculiarities of the interaction between the workers of the penitentiary institutions and the inmates, and to look at the perspectives of improving their penitentiary activities and pedagogical interaction.
Straipsnyje nagrinėjama labai svarbi nuteistųjų pataisos proceso inovacija - nuteistųjų alternatyvia laisvės atėmimui bausme reabilitacija. Remiantis užsienio šalių (pvz., Kanados, Japonijos), ...Europos Sąjungos valstybių baudžiamąja politika, ji keičiama į apgalvotą, protingą žmonių asmeninių ir socialinių problemų sprendimo politiką, taikomas konfliktuojančių asmenų (nusikaltėlio ir aukos) santykių atkūrimas (restoratyvus teisingumas) per tarpininkus. Tam įsteigtos mediacijos (tarpininkavimo) tarnybos, kurios padeda išspręsti kilusias tarp pažeidėjo ir aukos problemas - atlyginti materialią ir moralinę žalą aukai ir kt., padedant bendruomenės savanoriams be valstybės institucijų pagalbos. Daugelio nusikaltimų priežastys yra socialinės, politinės ir ekonominės. Tad atkreipiamas dėmesys į galimybę pašalinti tas priežastis - padėti lygtinai nuteistiesiems ir lygtinai paleistiesiems iš pataisos įstaigų išspręsti kilusias asmenines ir socialines problemas. Straipsnyje aptariamos prižiūrimųjų (suaugusių ir nepilnamečių) problemos, sunkumai. Pabrėžiama, kad daugelyje užsienio valstybių kilusias prižiūrimųjų asmenines ir socialines problemas padeda spręsti ne teisingumo, o analogiškos socialinės apsaugos, rūpybos institucijos. Teigiama, kad į tai reikėtų atkreipti dėmesį, kuriant Lietuvos probacijos koncepciją bei atitinkamą probacijos ir mediacijos įstatymą.
This article analyzes theory and practice of Lithuanian
Probation and Mediation service in Penitentiary
system. In this article is emphasized that in many
world countries, as well as European Union ...countries,
punishment politic is changed in detailed and
wise solving personal and social problems of people,
instead of imprisonment is widely used alternatives
of imprisonment – to leave in community with special
sanctions and charges.
That ideas reflect in 47 article of Punishment Code
(Penitentiary Code, which was initiated in 2002
year): to help in solving personal and social problems
of clients of probation and mediation service (probation
and mediation service in Lithuania is named Correctional
Inspectorates, but there is no created mediation
service and there are no voluntaries confirmed
by penitentiary law).
In article here is researched the main problems ofadults and juvenile clients of correctional inspectorates.
Analogically juvenile clients of correctional inspectorates
has second feelings and problems: feeling
guilty, that they have been judged, the bad material
conditions (when parents have no job), communication
problems with parents, friends, teachers – that
they do not understand them; they feel insecure because
of aggressive behavior of their parents; that
they have to sign in in police department – this situation
always remind about done crime; how to graduate
the school, because it is in order from court;
they are worried because of bad health, they are afraid
of humiliation of teachers and friends, when police
officers are coming to school; that they are obliged
to stay at home after 22 p.m., feeling stress
because of night control, that police officers are coming
to home – they feel humiliation and shame;
they feel guilty before parents; they feel less attention
from parents, that teachers will give low marks,
because they are sentenced, shame before victims,
feel that they have lost their friends and are lonely,
they would like to attend swimming pool, sport halls,
various technical activities, visit movies, but they have
no income. They would like to have personal computer.
They feel, that neighbors know about his crime
and will judge for the crime. It’s a part of feelings
and problems, which have adults and juvenile clients.
This is the main task to help in solving the problems
and they would change behavior. Second rehabilitation
problem to whom the Correctional Inspectorates
must belong: to Justice Ministry, prison service or
to Social Welfare (local authority social work department).
Now in Lithuania they belong to prison department,
but experience of European Union countries
(e. g. in Scottish penitentiary system probation
and mediation belongs to local authority Social work
department). The solving of that problem will show,
what priority: punishment or social help for clients
will be used in Lithuania.
This article treats with theory and practice of inmate's social rehabilitation from 1971 (when the Correctional Code was initiated) to 2002 (when the Punishment Code was initiated). In the ...Correctional Code social rehabilitation was called correction and reduction of inmates but it was only a declaration because there were too many of them and the correction was not possible. The researches (from 1971 1990) showed that the main officer's actions included prohibitions and more stiffen regime. Now, when the Punishment Code is in force, correction and education of inmates is changed by rehabilitation but the title of the Code is still pointed to the punishment. The aim of this article is to analyze results of research and anticipate perspective of social rehabilitation of inmates and officer's readiness and assumptions for rehabilitation. Rehabilitation: "Process of seeking to improve a criminals character and outlook so that he or she can function in society without committing other crimes" 3, p. 1290. Social rehabilitation of inmates is a process of interaction between officer's of correctional institutions, community, institutions of society etc. and inmates which helps to restore a good reputation of inmates and human relationship between criminals and victims, compensation of material damage, to restore human rights, to strike previous convictions and to prepare the inmate for integration to society that he could be useful personality for himself, his family and society. Social rehabilitation is a part of education and socialization. The research's hypothesis: effectiveness of inmate's social rehabilitation and public security depends on: 1) empathetic relations between employees of penitentiary institutions and inmates; 2) satisfaction of inmate's needs by working. Results of the research. All Lithuanian penitentiary institutions employee's experiences in 1971 were divided in egocentric -2 %; anger - 35 %; empathy - 25%; and other experiences - 38 %. In 2002 the results of researches have changed very much: egocentric - 50 %, anger for inmates - 17%; empathy - 33 %. The employee's egocentric experiences enlarged from 2 to 50 %. It shows that personal problems of employees increased. It is very important that employee's anger reduced from 35 to 17 % and empathy increased from 25 to 33 %. It shows that European penitentiary structures influenced employee's of Lithuanian penitentiary system. Although the results of inmates experiences shows that empathy of inmates to employees in correctional institutions in 1971 and in 2002 is stable and equal to zero percent. Recently the main task of social rehabilitation is inmate's empathy's training. The second proposition - inmate's needs satisfaction by working - fully confirmed. By observation, bibliographical data analysis, questioning, summary of independent characteristics, educational experiment and statistical methods we can confirm that those inmates who satisfy their needs by work have positive attitudes towards each other, positive relationship even with prison's wardens and tries to participate actively in social rehabilitation. The main directions of social rehabilitation are: 1. To exchange one-way relationship (which are the part of the present theory's of behaviourism) to constructive interaction between employees and inmates. This is one of successful social rehabilitation conditions. 2. Penitentiary institutions employees' empathy to inmates is growing up but inmate's empathy to employees is equal to zero percent. The main task of inmate's social rehabilitation is empathy's training. 3. The satisfaction of inmates needs optimize their social rehabilitation by working.
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