Bien que la définition de l’évidentialité fasse appel à des processus d’accès perceptif et cognitif pour l’identification d’un marqueur évidentiel, la notion de « source de l’information » ne suffit ...pas pour bien délimiter les contours de la catégorie et rendre compte de l’organisation des marqueurs grammaticaux au sein d’une langue comme le Français. Il semble utile de reprendre le problème de la relation entre évidentialité et modalité épistémique et de proposer un réseau dans lequel ces deux notions sont différenciées et articulées. Cette relation peut être avantageusement précisée dans le cadre théorique des opérations énonciatives. Une des valeurs de l’évidentialité renvoie à une inférence sous-jacente, ce qui exige toutefois que soit précisé le type de l’inférence utilisée, de façon à éviter de confondre cette valeur évidentielle avec une valeur modale épistémique d’un conséquent probable déduit d’un fait établi. Dans cet article, nous rappellerons quelques conceptualisations très générales à la base de la théorie des opérations énonciatives de prise en charge d’un contenu prédicatif, en présentant une carte sémantique dans laquelle l’énonciation médiative (l’une des valeurs de l’?videntialité), trouve sa place.
L’article présente des réflexions épistémologiques sur le programme de recherche qui a pour objet l’étude de l’activité de langage exprimée par les langues, activité qui ne se ramène pas à la simple ...communication et à l’expression de la pensée. Il présente certains concepts importants de la théorie de l’énonciation en les articulant avec des schèmes sémantico-cognitifs, qui représentent les significations d’unités grammaticales et lexicales, et qui sont engendrés, dans le formalisme de la Logique Combinatoire de Curry, par des compositions et des transformations d’opérateurs primitifs ancrés sur les activités cognitives de perception et d’action mais non réduits à ces activités.
The notions “night”, “day”, “sunset”, “sunrise”, “dawn” and “dusk” have meanings that are not independent, since they are part of frameworks structured by a quasi-topology, which is an extension of ...the general topology. To a place, the quasi-topology links its interior and strict interior, its closure and large closure, its internal and external boundaries, its simple boundary and large boundary... To analyse the notion of “night”, I consider two interpretive quasi-topological models. The first model is organised around two opposite places, night and day—sunset and sunrise being the boundaries that separate these two places. The second model is organised around the two places that are sunset (descent and disappearance of the sun) and sunrise (appearance and ascent of the sun), night being a quasi-topological large (non-punctual) boundary, where various inversions take place. This second model makes it possible to structure the inversions of nocturnal activities encountered in certain cultures (particularly in Mesoamerican cultures).
In this paper, we give a mathematical model of the logic of determination of objects (LDO) based on preordered sets, and a mathematical model of the logic of typical and atypical instances (LTA). We ...prove that LTA is an extension of LDO. It can manipulate several types of “exceptions”. Finally, we show that the structural part of LTA can be modeled by a quasi topology structure (QTS).
Anselm of Cantorbery wrote
Proslogion
(1077–1078), where is formulated the famous ‘Unum argumentum’ about the existence of God. This argument was been disputed and criticized by numerous logicians ...from an extensional view point. The classical predicate logic is not able to give a formal frame to develop an adequate analysis of this argument. According to us, this argument is not an ontological proof; it analyses the meaning of the “quo nihil maius cogitari posit”, a characterization of God, and establish, by absurd, that “quod non posit cogitare non esse” by using the hypothesis: “to think
in re
” is taller than “to think in
solo intelectu
”. We discuss this relation and the difference between the meanings of the elementary predicates ‘to be
in re
’, ‘to be
in intellectu
’ and ‘to be
in solo intellectu
’. We propose a new logical approach of this ‘Unum argumentum’ of Anselm by using Curry’s Combinatory Logic (
1958
, 1973). Indeed, Combinatory Logic is an abstract applicative formalism of operators applied to operands; in this formalism, the predicates, viewed as specific operators, can be composed and can be transformed, by an intrinsic way, into more complex predicates, by means of abstract operators, called “combinators”, studied by Combinatory Logic. We show that this formalism is a logical frame where it becomes possible to discuss and to formulate cognitive representations of the meanings of predicates used inside of the ‘Unum argumentum’ and to explain how the argument runs.
The future of linguistics implies a better definition of concepts, especially in the semantic analysis. The notion of operator plays an important role in several areas of linguistics, for instance ...categorical grammars and representations of the meanings of grammatical categories. The general topology makes it possible to mathematize the grammatical concepts (time, aspects, modalities, enunciative operations) by means of operators. Curry’s Combinatorial Logic is an adequate for-malism for composing and transforming operators at different levels of analysis that connect the semiotic expressions of languages (the observables) with their semantico-cognitive interpretations. The article refers to many studies that develop the points discussed.
L’étude de la polysémie verbale (et prépositionnelle) revient à construire un réseau dont la racine est un invariant sémantique et les noeuds des schèmes. Chaque schème représente une signification ...sous la forme de relations emboîtées de situations construites à l’aide de primitives sémantiques : types primitifs des différentes entités; primitives relationnelles telles que le mouvement, le changement, l’effectuation d’une action, le contrôle et la visée téléonomique. Ces primitives sont liées aux activités cognitives de perception et d’action, plus ou moins intentionnelles. L’article traite plus spécialement des verbes polysémiques franêais, ‘arrêter’, s’arrêter’, ‘garer’ et ‘se garer’.
Verbal polysemy apprehended by a cognitive and formal semantics. The study of verbal polysemy (and prepositions) leads to construct a network with at the top a semantic invariant and schemes at different points of the network. A scheme represents a meaning by means of relations formulated with the help of semantic and cognitive primitives: primitive types (basic categorizations) of entities; relational primitives such as to move, to change, to do an action, to control a change or a movement, to aim a final situation. These primitives are related to the cognitive activities of perception and more or less intentional actions. The purpose of the article is a formal representation by means of schemes of different meanings of verbs of French ‘arrêter’, ‘s’arrêter’, ’garer’ and ‘se garer’.
Les notions « nuit », « jour », « couchant », « levant », « aube », « crépuscule » possèdent des significations qui ne sont pas indépendantes, car elles font partie de schèmes structurés par une ...quasi-topologie. Cette dernière est une extension de la topologie générale. À un lieu, la quasi-topologie associe son intérieur et son intérieur strict, sa fermeture et sa fermeture large, ses frontières interne et externe, sa simple frontière et sa frontière large… Pour analyser la notion de « la nuit », nous considérons deux modèles quasi topologiques interprétatifs. Le premier modèle s’organise autour des deux lieux opposés, la nuit et le jour, le couchant et le levant étant les frontières qui séparent ces deux lieux. Le second modèle s’organise autour des deux lieux du couchant (descente et disparition du soleil) et du levant (apparition et ascension du soleil), la nuit étant une frontière large (non ponctuelle) quasi topologique, où se produisent diverses inversions. Ce deuxième modèle permet de structurer les inversions d’activités nocturnes rencontrées dans certaines cultures (en particulier dans les cultures méso-américaines).
Passivization is explained by using the formalism of combinatory logic. The agented passive is derived from the agentless as follows: a term denoting an agent is transposed into a predicate modifier ...and applied to the passive predicate of the agentless construction. The passive predicate consists of two parts: 1) the two-place converse of the active predicate and 2) a zero unspecified term to which the converse predicate is applied. The passive is not derived from but is related to the active. The modifier of the passive predicate is the functional counterpart of the subject in the active. The proposed hypothesis gives an adequate solution to problems arising from various types of passive constructions. Passivization and antipassivization are defined as instances of a general cross-linguistic process involving conversion.
In a more direct observation, natural languages appear as syntactical organizations with different semiotic units (words, grammatical morphemes, phrases…) belonging to different categories, but they ...are complex semiotic systems involving also metalinguistic processes of enunciation, interpretation, paraphrase, understanding, production described inside of an intersemiotic architecture. At the crossroad of a semiotic study of language (taken in account by, S.K. Shaumyan in a Semiotic Theory of Language, 1987) and the approach of cognitive grammars (for instance by B. Pottier in Europe or R. Langacker in USA), the model, called Grammar Applicative and Cognitive of Enunciative operations — GRACE — is presented in this article. This model is unfolding an intersemiotic architecture involving different types and metalinguistic levels of semiotic representations (morphological, syntactical, grammatical, enunciative, semantical, pragmatical, cognitive…); these levels are linked between them by intermediate representation changes, in analogy with compiling processes used in computer science for high level programming languages. Then generalized principle gives an unified framework in order, in one side, to explain how semiotic representations (linguistic, metalinguistic, cognitive, symbolic, iconic…) can be articulated between them, and, in an other side, to discuss how high level representations (cognitive and language representations generated in the Mind) can be connected to the neurobiologic structures of the Brain which bears and transforms them. The symbolic or iconic metalinguistic systems are interpreted (and glossed) by metalinguistic utterances of a metalanguage µ0(LN) considered as a part of a natural Language LN (an internal metalanguage; in French: “une métalangue”). In another way, in order to become more operational with sound foundations, an interpretative gloss of this internal metalanguage must be translated in form of a metalinguistic symbolic (or iconic) representation of a formal metalanguage, built from theoretical principles and clear hypotheses. Thus, a natural language LN, a metalanguistic part µ0(LN) of LN and different metalinguistic systems µi(LN) of different interconnected levels are inserted in a computational and cognitive architecture, like GRACE. We discuss this architecture in the article.
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