► Research investigates biodiesel production from P. pinnata oils using DMC. ► Dimethyl carbonate and Pongamia pinnata oil was produced better biodiesel. ► This research is study on the reaction ...parameters influencing biodiesel production. ► Produced biodiesel passes major tests lead by ASTM standards.
The transesterification of Pongamia pinnata seed oil with dimethyl carbonate (DMC) for preparing DMC-BioD has been studied at the catalysis of potassium hydroxide (KOH). The effects of reaction conditions (ratio of P. pinnata seed oil and DMC, catalyst amount and reaction time, reaction temperature and agitation speed) on DMC-BioD yield were investigated. The highest DMC-BioD yield could reach 96% at refluxing temperature for 6h with ratio of P. pinnata oil to DMC 1:3w/w and 4% KOH (based on oil weight). Percentage of conversion has been analyzed by Gas Chromatography. P. pinnata seed oil DMC-BioD produced is characterized for the properties such as the kinematic viscosity at 40°C, density at 25°C, flash point (FP), pour point (PP), cloud point (CP), acid value and copper strip corrosion. P. pinnata seed oil DMC-BioD produced met with the quality standards defined under ASTM D675-02.
The kinetics and transesterification of Sapindus mukorossi seed kernel powder with dimethyl carbonate (DMC) were explored using a mixed KOH-Folch solution as a catalyst for the preparation of ...biodiesel. The effect of the reaction conditions (the molar ratio of S. mukorossi seed kernel powder with DMC, the catalyst amount and the reaction time, the reaction temperature and the agitation speed) on DMC-Sm-BioDs yields were investigated. The highest DMC-Sm-BioDs yield was 95% at 60 °C for 60 min with a molar ratio of S. mukorossi seed kernel powder to DMC 1:3 and 1.5% KOH (based on DMC weight). DMC-Sm-BioDs was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to identify the fatty acid dimethyl esters. The activation energy (E
a
) was 75.2 kJ mol
−1
, and the pre-exponential factor was 1.09×10
8
min
−1
. The DMC-Sm-BioDs produced from S. mukorossi seed kernel powder is characterized for various properties, such as the kinematic viscosity at 40 °C, the specific gravity at 25 °C, the flash point, the pour point, the cloud point, the acid value and the copper stripe corrosion. DMC-Sm-BioDs satisfied the European quality standards defined in ASTM D6751-02.
Background
A simple and rapid stability-indicating, reversed phase ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) method was developed for the quantitative determination of lafutidine and its four ...potential impurities.
Results
Separation was achieved on Acquity BEH-shield RP18 UPLC column (3.0 mm × 100 mm, 1.7 μm) under the gradient mode of elution by using mobile phase A (0.02M diammonium hydrogen phosphate/acetonitrile, 80:20
v/v
) and mobile phase B (0.02M diammonium hydrogen phosphate/acetonitrile, 30:70
v/v
). The flow rate was maintained at 0.5 mL min
−1
. UV detection was carried out at 276 nm.
Conclusions
Stability-indicating capability of the developed method is established by analyzing forced degradation samples in which the spectral purity of lafutidine is ascertained along with the separation of degradation products from analyte peak. The developed UPLC method is validated as per International Conference on Harmonization guidelines with respect to system suitability, specificity, precision, sensitivity, accuracy, linearity, and robustness.
The transesterification of Pongamia pinnata seed oil with dimethyl carbonate (DMC) for preparing DMC-BioD has been studied at the catalysis of potassium hydroxide (KOH). The effects of reaction ...conditions (ratio of P. pinnata seed oil and DMC, catalyst amount and reaction time, reaction temperature and agitation speed) on DMC-BioD yield were investigated. The highest DMC-BioD yield could reach 96% at refluxing temperature for 6 h with ratio of P. pinnata oil to DMC 1:3 w/w and 4% KOH (based on oil weight). Percentage of conversion has been analyzed by Gas Chromatography. P. pinnata seed oil DMC-BioD produced is characterized for the properties such as the kinematic viscosity at 40 degree C, density at 25 degree C, flash point (FP), pour point (PP), cloud point (CP), acid value and copper strip corrosion. P. pinnata seed oil DMC-BioD produced met with the quality standards defined under ASTM D675-02.
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•Thevetia peruviana seed oil has potential use for biodiesel production as a source.•Kinetic studies of biodiesel were performed from T. peruviana seed oil.•Kinetic studies were ...performed using eco-friendly solvent dimethyl carbonate and CH3OK catalyst.•Reaction rate constants and activation energies were calculated.
Currently, fossil fuels are used in diesel engines and are essential in industrialized areas. However, the use of petroleum-based diesel increases environmental pollution. To solve this worldwide problem, transesterified vegetable oil grown in set-aside land can serve as a renewable energy resource. In this study, the kinetic transesterification of Thevetia peruviana oil with dimethyl carbonate (DMC) (molar ratio 1:4) was investigated. The experiments were conducted by varying the kinetic parameters, such as the amount of the prepared CH3OK alkali catalyst, stirring rate, reaction temperature and time, to determine the optimal kinetic conditions. The transesterification of T. peruviana oil to DMC-esters (DMC-TP-BioDs) proceeds by a first-order mechanism. The corresponding values of the activation energies and rate constants were determined. The maximum yield of 97.50% was obtained for the transesterification of T. peruviana oil within 90min at 85°C at an agitation speed of 200rpm.
Systematic review and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) show that probiotics reduce the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC ≥ Stage II), late onset sepsis (LOS), all-cause ...mortality, and feeding intolerance in preterm neonates. Data from observational studies is important to confirm probiotic effects in clinical practice. We aimed to compare outcomes before and after implementing routine probiotic supplementation (RPS) in preterm neonates (<37 weeks of gestation) by performing a systematic review of non-RCTs using Cochrane methodology. Databases including PubMed, The Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Embase, Cochrane Central library, and Google Scholar were searched in May 2020. A meta-analysis was performed using a random effects model. Categorical measure of effect size was expressed as OR and 95% CI. Statistical heterogeneity was assessed by the chi-squared test, I2 statistic. The level of evidence (LOE) was summarized using GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) guidelines. Primary outcomes were NEC ≥ Stage II, LOS, and all-cause mortality. Secondary outcomes included probiotic sepsis. Thirty good-quality non-RCTs (n = 77,018) from 18 countries were included. The meta-analysis showed RPS was associated with significantly reduced: 1) NEC ≥ Stage II (30 studies, n = 77,018; OR: 0.60; 95% CI: 0.50, 0.73; P <0.00001, I2: 65%; LOE: Moderate), 2) LOS: (21 studies, n = 65,858; OR: 0.85; 95% CI: 0.74, 0.97; P = 0.02, I2: 74%; LOE: Low), and 3) all-cause mortality (27 non-RCTs, n = 70,977; OR: 0.77; 95% CI: 0.68, 0.88; P = 0.0001, I2: 49%; LOE: Low). Subgroups: 1) extremely low birth weight (ELBW: birth weight <1000 g) neonates: RPS was associated with significantly reduced NEC ≥ Stage II (4.5% compared with 7.9%). However, there was no difference in LOS and mortality. 2) Multistrain RPS was more effective than single strain. One study reported 3 nonfatal cases of probiotic sepsis. In summary, moderate- to low-quality evidence indicates that RPS was associated with significantly reduced NEC ≥ Stage II, LOS, and all-cause mortality in neonates <37 weeks of gestation and NEC ≥ Stage II in ELBW neonates.
Administration of antenatal corticosteroids (ANC) for impending preterm delivery beyond 34 weeks of gestation continues to be a controversial issue despite various guidelines for obstetricians and ...gynaecologists.
To compare outcomes following exposure to ANC for infants born between 34-36+6 weeks' gestation.
A systematic review of randomised controlled trials (RCT) reporting neonatal outcomes after ANC exposure between 34-36+6 weeks' gestation using Cochrane methodology. Databases including PubMed, Embase, Emcare, Cochrane Central library and Google Scholar were searched in May 2020. Primary outcomes: (1) Need for respiratory support (Mechanical ventilation, CPAP, high flow) or oxygen (2) Hypoglycemia. Secondary outcomes included respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), transient tachypnoea of newborn (TTN), need for neonatal resuscitation at birth only in the delivery room immediately after birth (not in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), admission to NICU, mortality and developmental follow up. Level of evidence (LOE) was summarised by GRADE guidelines.
Seven RCTs (N = 4144) with low to high risk of bias were included. Only one RCT was from high income countries, Meta-analysis (random-effects model) showed (1) reduced need for respiratory support 5 RCTs (N = 3844); RR = 0.68 (0.47-0.98), p = 0.04; I2 = 55%; LOE: Moderate and (2) higher risk of neonatal hypoglycaemia 4 RCTs (N = 3604); RR = 1.61(1.38-1.87), p<0.00001; I2 = 0%; LOE: High after ANC exposure. Neonates exposed to ANC had reduced need for resuscitation at birth. The incidence of RDS, TTN and surfactant therapy did not differ significantly. None of the included studies reported long-term developmental follow up.
Moderate quality evidence indicates that ANC exposure reduced need for respiratory support, and increased the risk of hypoglycaemia in late preterm neonates. Large definitive trials with adequate follow up for neurodevelopmental outcomes are required to assess benefits and risks of ANC in this population.
This study investigates the energy related aspects of developing electric vehicle (EV) charging stations powered with solar photovoltaic (PV) canopies built on the parking infrastructure of ...large-scale retailers. A technical analysis is performed on parking lot areas located in the highest EV market coupled with charge station rates and capacities of the top ten EV. The results of a case study show a potential of 3.1 MW per Walmart Supercenter in the U.S., which could provide solar electricity for ∼100 EV charging stations. In the entire U.S., Walmart could potentially deploy 11.1 GW of solar canopies over only their Supercenter parking lots providing over 346,000 EV charging stations with solar electricity for their customers covering 90% of the American public living within 15 miles of a Walmart. This novel model could be adopted by any box store with the solar electricity sold for EV charging at a profit solving community charging challenges. In addition, however, the results for the first time indicate store owners could increase store selection and profit by providing free PV-EV charging for their customers with four mechanisms. Overall the results of this study are promising, but future work is needed to provide more granular quantification of the benefits of this approach.
•Investigates electric vehicle (EV) charging stations + solar photovoltaic (PV) parking lot canopies.•Potential 3.1 MW PV and 100 EV charging stations per US Walmart Supercenter.•Entire U.S., Walmart could deploy 11.1 GW of solar canopies.•Supercenter parking lot PV provide electricity for over 346,000 EV charging stations.•Cover 90% of the American public with solar-EV charging living within 15 miles of a Walmart.
Background: Neonatal jaundice requiring phototherapy is associated with significant socioeconomic burden including hospital readmission, prolonged hospital stay, and separation of the baby from ...mother.
Objectives: To assess the efficacy and safety of probiotics in reducing the need for phototherapy and its duration in neonatal hyperbilirubinemia.
Methods: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of probiotic supplementation for prevention or treatment of jaundice in neonates (any gestation or weight) using the Cochrane methodology. Primary outcome was the duration of phototherapy. Secondary outcomes included incidence of jaundice, total serum bilirubin (TSB) level at 24, 48, 72, 96 h, and day 7, duration of hospital stay, and adverse effects (e.g. probiotic sepsis). Results were summarized as per GRADE guidelines.
Results: Nine RCTs (prophylactic: six trials, N = 1761; therapeutic: three trials, N = 279) with low to high risk of bias were included. Meta-analysis (random-effects model) showed probiotic supplementation reduced duration of phototherapy N = 415, mean difference (MD): −11.80 (−17.47, −6.13); p < .0001; level of evidence (LOE): low. TSB was significantly reduced at 96 h MD: −1.74 (−2.92, −0.57); p = .004 and 7 d MD: −1.71 (−2.25, −1.17); p < .00001; LOE: low after probiotic treatment. Prophylactic probiotics did not reduce the incidence of jaundice significantly N = 1582, relative risk (RR): 0.56 (0.25, 1.27); p = .16; LOE: low. There were no probiotic-related adverse effects.
Conclusion: Limited low-quality evidence indicates that probiotic supplementation may reduce the duration of phototherapy in neonates with jaundice. Routine use of probiotics to prevent or treat neonatal jaundice cannot be recommended. Large well-designed trials are essential to confirm these findings.
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