•Review on the use of municipal incinerated bottom ashes in several applications.•Applications include geopolymers, adsorbents, ceramics, agriculture, and landfills.•MIBA presents compatibility with ...raw materials of ceramics and geopolymers.•Adequately treated, MIBA can be a low-cost adsorbent for wastewaters and gases.
This paper presents a literature review on the incorporation of municipal solid waste incinerated bottom ash as raw material in several markets, other than those where it is conventionally used, such as geotechnical applications and road pavement construction. The main findings of an ample selection of experimental investigations on the use of the bottom ash as precursor of alkali-activated materials, as an adsorbent material for the removal of hazardous elements from wastewater and landfill gases, as soil replacement in agricultural activities, as partial or complete substitute of raw materials for the manufacture of ceramic-based products, as landfill cover and as biogas production enhancer, were gathered, collated and analysed.
The paper describes a study undertaken to examine the use of high levels of low-lime fly ash (high volume FA) as a cement component in concrete, beyond the 30% level commonly adopted. The results ...indicate that FA levels up to 45% by mass can be combined with Portland cement (PC, C1) to produce the range of practical concrete design strengths, although early strength, which may be critical in construction, can be reduced compared to PC, and lower level FA concretes. The study progressed to consider the use of a rapid hardening Portland cement (C2) and low energy clinker (C3) combined with FA at 45%, as a means of overcoming these early strength shortfalls. Both were found to be effective in matching early strength behaviour of PC concrete. Tests covering fresh (workability loss, bleeding and moisture loss), engineering (strength development, modulus of elasticity, drying shrinkage and creep) and durability (absorption, permeability, carbonation rates and chloride diffusion) properties of these concretes were then carried out. The results indicate that in almost all cases, either similar or enhanced performance was achieved with the high volume FA concrete, compared to that of PC and these findings offer a route to extending FA use. The practical implications of the study are also examined.
In the light of the ever-increasing need of circular economy in the construction industry and of the recent advances in research and development on the use of recycled aggregates, produced from ...construction and demolition waste, in new construction materials, this paper presents a compilation of representative case studies of several applications, namely recycled aggregates in unbound, hydraulically-bound and bitumen-bound applications, as well as in (non-)structural concrete in road and building construction. Experience has shown that, in spite of the positive outcomes and comprehensive know-how gained over the course of several years in those exploratory studies, there is a considerable underuse of recycled aggregates mostly due to lack of confidence in the material amongst contractors and designers. This paper, using a range of case studies undertaken in several countries worldwide, highlights the technical viability and appropriateness of using recycled aggregates in a broad range of construction applications.
•Case studies on recycled aggregates in building and road pavement construction.•Extensive positive experience exists on applications with high replacement levels.•High economic viability of sourcing locally available recycled aggregates.•Some countries routinely use recycled aggregate concrete in structural elements.
•State of the art systematic review on the study of recycled aggregates for concrete production.•Statistical analysis of the main properties of recycled aggregates and comparison with those of ...conventional aggregates.•Proposal of a performance-based classification system for recycled aggregates meant for concrete production.
Arising from a systematic, as opposed to narrative, literature review of 236 publications published over a period of 38years from 1977 to 2014, the paper examines the factors affecting the physical, chemical, mechanical, permeation and compositional properties of recycled aggregates sourced from construction and demolition waste, intended for concrete production. Classifications based on their composition and contaminants have been studied. The data were collectively subjected to statistical analysis and a performance-based classification, mainly for use in concrete construction, is proposed. The results allowed producing a practical means of measuring the quality of recycled aggregates, which can be used to produce concrete with predictable performance.
•Literature review on the fresh properties of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC).•Workability, stability, heat of hydration, air content and density were analysed.•Control over the recycled ...aggregates’ manufacture is key to obtain high quality RAC.•Predictable properties are achieved by adding adequate amount of compensating water.
This paper presents a literature review concerning the fresh properties of concrete containing recycled aggregates from beneficiated construction and demolition wastes. It starts with the identification of the main variables affecting the workability of concrete, such as the quality and moisture state of the recycled aggregates. The effectiveness of water-reducing admixtures and of mineral additions on the fresh properties of recycled aggregate concrete is also analysed. A brief insight is given on the influence of using recycled aggregates on the main characterizing parameters of the material’s rheological behaviour. Other properties of recycled aggregate concrete in its fresh state are also discussed, including stability (i.e., bleeding and segregation), temperature of hydration, air content, and fresh density.
As a response to the great disparity in the recycled aggregates (RA) evaluated in most investigations and those sourced from recycling plants, this paper presents an overview on the subject and seeks ...to provide information on the present waste issue in the construction life cycle. Several factors related to the wider recognition and use of RA in construction are also described and analysed in this paper, including the main barriers to reuse and recycling, economic and environmental impacts, the choice of demolition methodology, the recycling procedure and certification of the final product. Increased governmental intervention, with ensuing strict legislation and comprehensive standardization, have been found to be key drivers for a greater pro-active engagement of construction and demolition related entities. Furthermore, with recent developments on the classification of RA, which can facilitate certification, it will become increasingly easy to increase the stakeholders confidence on the products' quality and resulting materials' predictable performance, consequently increasing demand for a technically feasible and potentially more economical substitute to their natural counterparts.
•Leachability of applications containing municipal incinerator bottom ashes (MIBA).•Uses of MIBA include binder constituent, aggregate replacement, and ceramics.•Applications with MIBA in its unbound ...form show risk of heavy metal accumulation.•Properly treated, MIBA can be considered a substitute material for natural resources.
This paper presents a literature review concerning the performance from an environmental viewpoint of construction related products made with municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash. It starts with an initial assessment of the bottom ash, and how it performs when used as aggregate substitute in cement-based products, as cement constituent and as raw feed in cement production. Evaluation of the material’s environmental performance when used as aggregate replacement in unbound and cement-bound base and subbase layers for road pavement construction, as well as in asphalt concrete layers, is also undertaken. This paper also appraises the behaviour of ceramic-based products, including glass, glass-ceramics, and general ceramics. As a result of the high quantities of potentially leachable contaminants inherent to the bottom ash, the environmental assessment carried out throughout this paper is mostly based on the materials’ leaching behaviour, but also based on life cycle assessments and gas emission analyses. The results of several leaching trials, conducted according to various specifications, were reviewed and paralleled with corresponding regulations, with the objective of establishing the products’ viability from an environmental point of view.
This paper reviews the effect of incorporating recycled aggregates, sourced from construction and demolition waste, on the carbonation behaviour of concrete. It identifies various influencing aspects ...related to the use of recycled aggregates, such as replacement level, size and origin, as well as the influence of curing conditions, use of chemical admixtures and additions, on carbonation over a long period of time. A statistical analysis on the effect of introducing increasing amounts of recycled aggregates on the carbonation depth and coefficient of accelerated carbonation is presented. This paper also presents the use of existing methodologies to estimate the required accelerated carbonation resistance of a reinforced recycled aggregate concrete exposed to natural carbonation conditions with the use of accelerated carbonation tests. Results show clear increasing carbonation depths with increasing replacement levels when recycled aggregate concrete mixes are made with a similar mix design to that of the control natural aggregate concrete. The relationship between the compressive strength and coefficients of accelerated carbonation is similar between the control concrete and the recycled aggregate concrete mixes.
•State of the art review on the effect of recycled aggregates on tensile strength.•Use of EC2 prediction model to estimate tensile strength of recycled aggregate concrete.•Proposal of coefficients, ...compatible with EC2, for tensile strength gain over time.•Relationship between the tensile and compressive strength of recycled aggregate concrete.•The relationship proposed in EC2 is followed by recycled aggregate and conventional concretes.
This paper provides a systematic literature review, based on the identification, appraisal, selection and synthesis of publications relating to the effect of incorporating recycled aggregates, sourced from construction and demolition wastes, on the tensile strength of concrete. It identifies various influencing aspects related to the use of recycled aggregates such as replacement level, size and origin, as well as mixing procedure, chemical admixtures, additions and strength development over time. In this paper, estimated values, using the Eurocode 2 method to determine the tensile strength over time, were compared with the actual measured values, showing little correlation and therefore new coefficients are proposed. This paper also presents the relationship between the tensile and compressive strengths according to Eurocode 2. The results suggest that, regardless of the replacement level, type, and quality of the recycled aggregate used, the resulting recycled concrete tends to exhibit a similar relationship to that of the corresponding natural aggregate concrete.
This paper presents a literature review relating to the potential waste glass collection and processing as glass cullet for its use as raw material in secondary markets. Emphasis is given to the ...application of glass cullet in the construction industry, other than as construction aggregate, especially in ceramic-based products, including ceramic bricks, tiles and their glazing, glass-ceramics, foam glass-ceramics, and porcelain. These applications also include the use of glass cullet as a filtration medium, constituent in epoxy resins, in the production of glass fibres, elastomeric roof coatings, aesthetic finishing materials, abrasive material for surface cleaning, and paint filler. The analysis and evaluation of the vast amount of experimental research showed that glass cullet is a potentially valuable resource for the manufacture of ceramic-based products, where it can be used as substitute for expensive natural resources, improving the products’ physical, mechanical and environmental performance.
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•This paper presents a review on glass cullet (GC) in ceramics and other products.•Other uses include filtration media, glass fibres, blast abrasive, roof coating.•Incorporation of GC in ceramic-based products presents high technical feasibility.•The use of GC can reduce the environmental impact of the ceramic industry.
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