We studied the systematics of the subfamily Limenitidinae (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) using molecular methods to reconstruct a robust phylogenetic hypothesis. The molecular data matrix comprised 205 ...Limenitidinae species, four outgroups, and 11,327 aligned nucleotide sites using up to 18 genes per species of which seven genes (CycY, Exp1, Nex9, PolII, ProSup, PSb and UDPG6DH) have not previously been used in phylogenetic studies. We recovered the monophyly of the subfamily Limenitidinae and seven higher clades corresponding to four traditional tribes Parthenini, Adoliadini, Neptini, Limenitidini as well as three additional independent lineages. One contains the genera
+
and likely a third,
, and the other two independent lineages lead to
and to
. These independent lineages are circumscribed as new tribes. Parthenini was recovered as sister to rest of Limenitidinae, but the relationships of the remaining six lineages were ambiguous. A number of genera were found to be non-monophyletic, with
,
, and
being polyphyletic, whereas
,
,
,
and
were paraphyletic.
Butterfly wing color patterns can be changed by the application of a temperature shock or pharmacological agents such as tungstate, producing a distinctive type of elemental modification called the ...TS (temperature shock) type. Heterochronic uncoupling between the signaling and reception steps during the color-pattern determination process has been proposed as a mechanism for TS-type changes. As an extension of this hypothesis, both the parafocal element (PFE) and the eyespot in the same wing compartment are considered to be determined by morphogenic signal(s) emitted from the same eyespot focus. However, these models need to be examined with additional experimental data. Furthermore, there is controversy as to whether the action of tungstate on wing color patterns is direct or Indirect. Using a species of nymphalid butterfly (Junonia orithya), we have devised a simple method for the local application of pharmacological agents directly on developing wings of pupae. Local tungstate application resulted in reduced eyespots and circular dislocated PFEs in the eyespot-less compartments only on the treated wing, demonstrating that tungstate directly induces color-pattern changes on wings. We further examined the eyespot-PFE relationship in normal and cold-shocked Individuals, showing that an eyespot can be superimposed on a PFE and vice versa, probably depending on the timing of their fate determination. Taken together, we propose a two-morphogen model for the normal color-pattern determination, in which the morphogenic signals for the eyespot and PFE are different from each other despite their Identical origin. This two-morphogen model is compatible with the heterochronic uncoupling model for TS-type changes.
Entrapment abdominal neuropathy is not a common diagnosis in our context. Chronic Abdominal wall pain is often mistaken for gastritis, gynecological issue, thoracic spinal radiculopathy, rectus ...sheath hematoma, abdominal muscle injury or psychiatric disorder. Anterior cutaneous nerve entrapment syndrome is one of the frequent causes of abdominal wall pain occurring due to trapped thoracic intercostal nerves between abdominal muscles. History and bedside Carnett’s sign can elicit the diagnosis. Injection of the local anesthetics with steroids in the junction between the rectus sheath and abdominal muscle under ultrasound guidance can provide sustained pain relief. We should consider Anterior cutaneous nerve entrapment syndrome as a differential diagnosis while evaluating the abdominal wall pain. Keywords: ACENE; carnett’s test; chronic abdominal pain; entrapment neuropathy; hydrodissection.
BACKGROUNDThe postoperative analgesic efficacy of trans-muscular quadratus lumborum block in abdominal surgeries is well established; however, its intraoperative safety and efficacy as an anesthetic ...is still being explored. This retrospective case review was conducted to investigate the efficacy and safety of combined quadaratus lumburoum block and low-dose subarachnoid block for anesthesia in complex abdominal operations. METHODSPerioperative data of 29 patients, who underwent abdominal operations during the period of June/2019 to October/2019 under the combined technique, was analyzed. The primary outcome was intra and postoperative pain scores with the conox as qnox and numeric rating scale respectively at different time points. The secondary outcomes were intraoperative sedation scores with conox as qcon and perioperative dosage of fentanyl, changes in mean arterial pressure and the incidence of adverse events. RESULTSThe mean qnox scores at incision, viscera dissection, closure and before transport to the post anesthesia care unit were between 44.66 and 55.79. The mean numeric rating scale scores before bed on the operation day, at 8 am on the first postoperative day, before bed on the first postoperative day and at 8 am on the second postoperative day were between 3.41 and 3.86. The mean qcon scores during the operations were between 61.31 and 65.82 while it was 85.66 following the stoppage of all sedations. The mean total perioperative consumption of fentanyl was 38.7mcg. The proportion of patients having MAP changes of less than 20% from baseline was 85.72%. The incidence of peri-operative adverse events was low. CONCLUSIONSFor complex abdominal operations, a combination of ultrasound-guided QLB-TM and low dose spinal anesthesia achieves adequate analgesia and is a safe technique.
Conversion of fetal circulation to adult-type occurs immediately after birth but neonates with problems in the development of pulmonary vasculature are prone to revert back to fetal circulation. This ...phenomenon is known as flip-flop circulation which may be induced perioperatively and as such anesthesiologist are central to its management. We report a case of term neonate planned for repair of duodenal atresia that despite having no respiratory symptom preoperatively developed severe hypoxemia under anesthesia that was even unresponsive to 100% oxygen. The intraoperative hemodynamics of the neonate was managed along with supportive care successfully. A postoperative echocardiogram confirmed the evidence of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. Keywords: Duodenal atresia; flip flop circulation; neonates; persistent pulmonary hypertension of newborn.
Cooled Radiofrequency ablation is a newer technique for management of chronic knee pain in osteoarthritis. The aim of the study is to evaluate the clinical outcomes in patients with chronic ...osteoarthritis in terms of pain scores for first six months of cooled radiofrequency ablation using ultrasound guidance.
A cross-sectional study with retrospective review of database was evaluated to analyze the change in the Numerical Rating Scale from baseline scores at 1 day, 1 month and 6 months after the Cooled Radiofrequency ablation of genicular nerves around knee in patients with chronic knee osteoarthritis.
Median age was 71 years 61-73 years (IQR: 25-75) with more female preponderance. Numerical Rating Scale (Mean ± S.D.) was significantly less at 1 day (1.87 ± 1.22), 1 month (3.03 ± 0.99) and 6 months (3.37 ± 1.098) from baseline values (6.77 ± 1.00). No soreness and numbness were noted.
Cooled Radiofrequency using Ultrasound guidance for management of knee pain in chronic osteoarthritis is promising and reduces Numerical Rating Score significantly from baseline at 1 month and 6 months respectively.
With the use of ultrasound, peripheral nerve blocks can be more precise and deposition of local anesthetics under direct vision reduces drug volume and minimizes untoward toxicity. Its extensive use ...in peri-operative period add a safety measures to reduce procedural complications. Pain in children's are often under recognized and under treated which can lead to emotional, psychological trauma for rest of their life. Peripheral nerve blocks have the advantage of greater overall safety and efficacy for lower abdominal surgeries. An abdominal truncal block technique known as Quadratus Lumborum block has emerged recently with a goal of anesthetizing the thoracolumbar nerves for somatic as well as visceral analgesia of both lower and upper abdomen. A sound knowledge of sensory supply to the genitourinary system is important for the success of regional anesthesia. We report a case of four years old child who was diagnosed as left sided pelvic ureteric junction obstruction and was planned for pyeloplasty where continuous quadratus lumborum block was used as a mode of post operative analgesia which showed a promising result. Antibiotic resistance and lack of newer effective antibiotic against multidrug resistant bacteria like Acinetobacter baumannii is a common problem in intensive care unit. Trimethoprim -Sulfamethoxazole may help in combating this problem.
The butterfly wing color patterns are unique to a species but are modified in response to cold-shock and tungstate treatments at the pupal stage, producing characteristic temperature–shock (TS) ...phenotypes that are distinct from the color patterns of seasonal polyphenism. In this study, we examined the efficiency of cold-shock and tungstate treatments for color pattern modifications at the pupal stage in relation to larval rearing conditions for the fall or summer morph using the blue pansy butterfly Junonia orithya. We found that larvae reared under the low-temperature condition that induces the fall morph exhibited hardiness against the color pattern changes imposed by cold-shock or tungstate treatment at the pupal stage. When larvae were fed an artificial diet containing tungstate under the high-temperature condition that induces the summer morph, they were still vulnerable to color pattern changes imposed by cold-shock or tungstate treatment at the pupal stage. Furthermore, larvae reared under the high-temperature condition were subjected to cold-shock or tungstate treatments at the pupal stage. In addition to the expected TS-type changes, these individuals exhibited a reduced number of eyespots in adults, which is a feature of the fall morph. These results suggest that the temperature condition experienced by the larvae, but not their consumption of tungstate, determines the sensitivity of the wing imaginal discs to cold-shock and tungstate treatments at the pupal stage.
•Larval low-temperature experience changed the pupal response to cold shock.•Hardiness against temperature–shock-induced color-pattern modifications developed.•Hardiness against fall-morph traits developed.•No changes in response were induced by feeding larvae a diet containing tungstate.•The temperature–shock and fall-morph phenotypes may be related developmentally.
Animal body size and tissue size depend on genetic and environmental factors, but the precise mechanisms of how tissue size is determined in proportion to body size remain unknown. Here we focused on ...wings from three nymphalid butterflies, Junonia orithya (Linnaeus), Vanessa cardui (Linnaeus) and Danaus chrysippus (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae), to examine the contributions of the number and size of scales to macroscopic structures, represented by wing compartments, and to investigate the positional dependence of scale size, density and arrangement. The whole wing area and wing compartment area exhibited a high correlation in all three species. Similarly, the wing compartment area and the blue or orange area showed a high correlation in three species, indicating isometric relationships among wings of different sizes. However, only in J. orithya, the blue area was highly correlated with the number of constituent scales and, to a lesser extent, with scale size. In contrast, reasonable correlations were obtained between the blue or orange area and the number of rows in all three species. These results suggest that variations of the background area accompany changes in the number of scales through changes in the number of rows. In a background region of the compartment, scale size gradually decreased and scale density increased from the proximal to the distal side in all three species. Our findings suggest that butterfly wing tissue size is determined primarily by the number of scale cells and secondarily by the size change of scale cells before or during the period of row arrangement.
Background: Ultrasound guided peripheral nerve blocks have become increasingly popular in the lower limb orthopaedic and gaining more acceptances in total hip replacement surgeries too. The main ...objective of this study was to compare peripheral nerve block and spinal anesthesia for total hip replacement surgeries.
Methods: In this retrospective study, total patients that underwent total hip replacement in our institution during specific time period were included for the study. They were divided into spinal and peripheral nerve block groups, and data were collected for the analysis. USG guided lumbar plexus, sacral plexus, superior gluteal nerve block was done and conventional landmark technique was done for spinal group. Mean arterial blood pressure, total fluid consumption, total fentanyl consumption, pain scores and incidence of nausea was compared.
Results: We included 43 patients for the study in which 23 patients were included in nerve block group, and 20 patients in the spinal group. In compared to spinal group, nerve block group had more stable mean arterial blood pressure (P <0.05), less total fluid consumption (P=.000), lower pain scores and fentanyl consumption (P <0.05), and less incidence of nausea (4% to 20%).
Conclusions: Peripheral nerve block can be good alternative to spinal anesthesia for total hip replacement surgeries, with more hemodynamic stability and better pain management along with less opioid and fluid consumption.
PDF
