Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) and bovine herpesvirus (BoHV)-1 and -4 are important causes of respiratory diseases and reproductive disorders of dairy cattle worldwide.
Investigation of BVDV and ...BoHV-1 and -4 antibody levels in the serum and milk of dairy cattle in a group with clinical mastitis and a healthy group was undertaken using an indirect ELISA, and identification of the BoHV-4 genotypes in clinical mastitis cases was attempted by PCR and sequencing.
Antibodies specific to BVDV, BoHV-1 and BoHV-4 were detected in the serum and milk of all dairy cattle with clinical mastitis. The cut-off values for BVDV and BoHV-1 in the sera and milk were extremely high in both healthy and mastitic animals. However, BoHV-4 antibodies were detected only in the clinically mastitic cattle, and BoHV-4 levels were higher in milk than in sera among these animals. Genotypes I and II of BoHV-4 were detected in the milk samples of four seropositive cows with clinical mastitis from the same herd.
The results of this investigation demonstrate that clinical mastitis cases in the same herd may have aetiology in different BoHV-4 genotypes.
Akabane virus (AKAV), which causes Akabane disease, is an arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) transmitted by
Culicoides
biting midges and mosquitoes. AKAV is an important pathogen that causes abortion ...and congenital anomalies in ruminants. In this study, we determined the prevalence of AKAV infection and identified possible viral vectors in Turkey’s Eastern Mediterranean region. The presence and prevalence of AKAV infection were assessed using serological and virological methods. Serologically, the prevalence of AKAV antibodies in cattle, sheep and goats were 44.74% (400/894), 22.90% (60/262) and 14.52% (63/434), respectively, while the total prevalence was 32.89% (523/1590). AKAV-specific nucleic acid amplicons were obtained by real-time RT-PCR from 1.13% (9/799) and 1.74% (5/288) of the cattle and sheep tested, respectively. No goats were positive for AKAV RNA. Overall, AKAV-specific nucleic acid amplicons were detected in 0.87% (14/1604) of the sampled ruminants. In addition, specimens of the assumed vector,
Culicoides
, were caught using light traps and identified. Ten
Culicoides
species were detected in the area, of which
Culicoides schultzei
complex was the dominant species although 32 specimens could not be identified at the species level. These were defined as
Culicoides
spp. AKAV nucleic acid was detected in
C. schultzei
,
Culicoides longipennis
and
Culicoides circumscriptus
. Phylogenetic analysis indicated two different AKAV genogroups (genogroups Ib and genogroups II) while potential AKAV vectors in this region are
C. schultzei
complex,
C. longipennis
and
C. circumscriptus
.
Camels are the only animals bred to sustain the tradition of wrestling in Turkey and are reared within a limited set of geographic areas. Farmers of such animals may also be engaged in ruminant ...breeding. The current research was aimed at documenting bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV), bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1), and bovine leukaemia virus (BLV) infections in sera collected from dromedary camels in four different geographical regions of Turkey during the years 2019–2021. All samples were tested for BVDV, BHV-1 and BLV antibodies as well as BVDV antigen by ELISA. Antibodies against BVDV were found in 16.8% of the camel sera tested. However, none of the camels sampled were positive in terms of BHV-1 and BLV antibodies as well as BVDV antigen. The prevalence was observed higher in the herds in which ruminants were raised in addition to camels (OR = 4.583, 95% CI, 1.298–16.182), (p = 0.018), while the prevalence was observed lower in the herds in which only camels were raised. This study showed that BVDV infection was more prevalent than BHV-1 and BLV infections in Turkish dromedary camels. Herewith, the camels, being a susceptible species to numerous viral ruminant diseases, may also serve as an important source of BVDV infection for other ruminant animals in the same flock.
Papillomaviruses can cause benign or malignant proliferations on the host's skin and mucous membranes. Recent genetic studies have identified many new papillomavirus types. In this study, molecular ...detection and typing was performed on papilloma samples from eight hair goats with teat papillomatosis. The papilloma samples were tested with degenerate (FAP59/FAP64,MY09/MY11) and type-specific primers. One sample was positive with degenerate (MY09/MY11) and two samples were positive with Caprahircus papillomavirus-1 type specific primers. The MY09/MY11 primer sequence indicated identity to the closest Ovine papillomavirus type-2 (77.9%). The ChPV-1 primer sequence was similar to the closest ChPV-1 (99.4%). Investigating papillomavirus types in different animal species is important for determining the evolution, prevalence, host range, and interspecies transmission potential of papillomaviruses, and to indicate suitable therapeutics for later development.
Sera from 86 Turkish native camels from seven provinces in Turkey were collected and tested for specific antibodies to Bluetongue virus (BTV), Akabane virus (AKAV) and Schmallenberg virus (SBV) using ...ELISA. The BTV, AKAV and SBV antibodies were found in 53.5%, 51.2% and 15.1%, respectively. Furthermore, the seropositivity for multiple infection was the highest for dual infection with AKAV and BTV (25.6%), followed by triple seropositivity (9.3%). These findings indicated that BTV, AKAV and SBV circulate in camels in Turkey at a relatively high rate, and that an active surveillance program is needed for the management and tracing the dynamics of these infections in the Turkish camel population.
Ruminant işletmelerinde öncelikli hedef yüksek et ve süt veriminin yanı sıra sağlıklı yavru elde edilmesi ve bu şekilde karlılık oranının arttırılmasıdır. Sığırlarda erken embriyonik ölümler, ...abortlar, fötal mumifikasyon ve anomalili yavru doğumları sonucunda önemli ekonomik kayıplarla karşılaşılmaktadır. Bu olgulara neden olan etkenler arasında viruslar önemli bir paya sahiptir. Viral enfeksiyonlarda tedavi şansının az olması, hastalığın kısa sürede birçok hayvana yayılmasından dolayı primer olarak aborta neden olan viral etkenlerin belirlenmesi oldukça önemlidir. Viruslar uterusa kan-plasenta yoluyla, tohumlama-çiftleşme esnasında enfekte semen yoluyla geçebilir. Bu etkenlerin en yaygın görülenleri ve sığırlarda primer abort etkenleri Bovine herpes virus-1 (BoHV-1), Bovine viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV), Bovine herpes virus-4 (BoHV-4), Mavidil, Akabane ve son yıllarda ülkemizde de tespit edilen Schmallenberg virus (SBV) enfeksiyonlarıdır. Bu virusların yanı sıra sığırlarda abort etkeni olarak Rift Valley Fever (RVFV), Epizootic hemorajik disease virus (EHDV), Aino Virus, Wesselborn Virus, Lumpy skin disease (LSD), Bovine parvovirus da sayılabilmektedir. Bu derlemede, sığırlarda primer olarak aborta neden olan viruslar ve abort olgularının oluşumundaki rolleri ile söz konusu viruslara karşı kontrol/eradikasyon yöntemleri irdelenmiştir.
As ubiquitous pathogens, bovine virus diarrhea viruses (BVDVs) in cattle have been reported several times in Turkey. Over time, the frequency and importance of this infection has increased for the ...livestock industries. A total of 1291 animals were sampled from a dairy herd in Turkey suspected of BVDV clinical signs, for instance, reproductive failures (abortion, congenital malformations in calves, repeat breeding, etc.) and interdigital phlegmon in adult animals. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCRs) were made by using targeted 5′ untranslated region (UTR), N
pro
, E2, and NS2-3 pestiviral gene region primers for antigen ELISA-positive samples (
n
= 20). The obtained amplicons were sequenced. Sequence results showed the presence of a new subgroup in
Pestivirus A
species. This paper describes the nucleotide sequences of a new BVDV 1 (BVDV 1-v) subgroup member.
The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of equid herpesviruses and to elucidate the possible mutual effects of equid alpha and gammaherpesviruses in an outbreak of respiratory tract ...disease in foals in a private pension stable (transient residency stable), Turkey. For this purpose, nasal swabs (n=21) and peripheral blood leukocytes (n=28) from 28 foals with respiratory tract diseases, and tissue samples from one dead foal were tested for equid herpesvirus-1, -4, -2 and -5 by multiplex nested PCR targeting the glycoprotein B (gB) gene. Of the 29 sampled animals, 3.4% (1/29), 58.6% (17/29), 58.6% (17/29) and 75.9% (22/29) were found positive for EHV-1, EHV-4, EHV-2 and EHV-5, respectively. Especially, a high ratio of multiple infections (75.9%; 22/29) caused by EHV-4, EHV-2 and EHV-5 were detected in the tested foals. The phylogenetic analysis showed that our equid gammaherpesviruses had a high degree of genetic heterogeneity, in contrast to our EHV-4 strains analyzed.
The aim of this study was to determine the ceruloplasmin (Cp) and vitamin C concentrations, the total antioxidant status (TAS), and selected biochemical parameters in dairy cows spontaneously ...infected with bovine leukaemia virus (BLV). Of the 27 cows included in the study, 18 animals were seropositive for enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL), whereas nine cows were seronegative and were used as controls. The serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (P = 0.003) and Cp concentrations (P = 0.03) decreased (65.17 ± 5.03 and 7.70 ± 0.72 respectively) in BLV-infected cows, as compared to healthy animals (100.67 ± 11.50 and 10.40 ± 0.70 respectively). A slight insignificant increase in alkaline phosphatase activity and unchanged levels of alanine aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, calcium, magnesium, and TAS were demonstrated in EBL cows. As the TAS and vitamin C levels remained unchanged in EBL cows, it may be suggested that ruminants may compensate for the impaired oxidative/antioxidative balance. The results obtained also indicate that BLV may suppress AST and Cp synthesis or secretion in the liver through an unknown mechanism. The mechanism of action of BLV in hepatocytes, especially on AST and Cp, requires further investigation to elucidate the immune suppression caused by oncogenic retroviruses.
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