The social organization of the first fully sedentary societies that emerged during the Neolithic period in Southwest Asia remains enigmatic,1 mainly because material culture studies provide limited ...insight into this issue. However, because Neolithic Anatolian communities often buried their dead beneath domestic buildings,2 household composition and social structure can be studied through these human remains. Here, we describe genetic relatedness among co-burials associated with domestic buildings in Neolithic Anatolia using 59 ancient genomes, including 22 new genomes from Aşıklı Höyük and Çatalhöyük. We infer pedigree relationships by simultaneously analyzing multiple types of information, including autosomal and X chromosome kinship coefficients, maternal markers, and radiocarbon dating. In two early Neolithic villages dating to the 9th and 8th millennia BCE, Aşıklı Höyük and Boncuklu, we discover that siblings and parent-offspring pairings were frequent within domestic structures, which provides the first direct indication of close genetic relationships among co-burials. In contrast, in the 7th millennium BCE sites of Çatalhöyük and Barcın, where we study subadults interred within and around houses, we find close genetic relatives to be rare. Hence, genetic relatedness may not have played a major role in the choice of burial location at these latter two sites, at least for subadults. This supports the hypothesis that in Çatalhöyük,3–5 and possibly in some other Neolithic communities, domestic structures may have served as burial location for social units incorporating biologically unrelated individuals. Our results underscore the diversity of kin structures in Neolithic communities during this important phase of sociocultural development.
•Genetic kinship estimated from co-buried individuals’ genomes in Neolithic Anatolia•Close relatives are common among co-burials in Aşıklı and Boncuklu•Many unrelated infants found buried in the same building in Çatalhöyük and Barcın•Neolithic societies in Southwest Asia may have held diverse concepts of kinship
Yaka et al. use ancient genomes from Neolithic Anatolia and present evidence for diverse concepts of social kinship in Neolithic societies. In some communities, like Çatalhöyük, many genetically unrelated infants were buried together inside the same buildings, whereas in other sites, people buried together were frequently close biological kin.
Recent advances in archaeogenomics have granted access to previously
unavailable biological information with the potential to further our
understanding of past social dynamics at a range of scales. ...However, to
properly integrate these data within archaeological narratives, new
methodological and theoretical tools are required. Effort must be put into
finding new methods for weaving together different datasets where material
culture and archaeogenomic data are both constitutive elements. This is true on
a small scale, when we study relationships at the individual level, and at a
larger scale when we deal with social and population dynamics. Specifically, in
the study of kinship systems it is essential to contextualize and make sense of
biological relatedness through social relations, which, in archaeology, is
achieved by using material culture as a proxy. In this paper we propose a
Network Science framework to integrate archaeogenomic data and material culture
at an intrasite scale to study biological relatedness and social organization
at the Neolithic site of \c{C}atalh\"oy\"uk. Methodologically, we propose the
use of network variance to investigate the concentration of biological
relatedness and material culture within networks of houses. This approach
allowed us to observe how material culture similarity between buildings gives
valuable information on potential biological relationships between individuals
and how biogenetic ties concentrate at specific localities on site.
Recent advances in archaeogenomics have granted access to previously unavailable biological information with the potential to further our understanding of past social dynamics at a range of scales. ...However, to properly integrate these data within archaeological narratives, new methodological and theoretical tools are required. Effort must be put into finding new methods for weaving together different datasets where material culture and archaeogenomic data are both constitutive elements. This is true on a small scale, when we study relationships at the individual level, and at a larger scale when we deal with social and population dynamics. Specifically, in the study of kinship systems it is essential to contextualize and make sense of biological relatedness through social relations, which, in archaeology, is achieved by using material culture as a proxy. In this paper we propose a Network Science framework to integrate archaeogenomic data and material culture at an intrasite scale to study biological relatedness and social organization at the Neolithic site of Çatalh\"oy\"uk. Methodologically, we propose the use of network variance to investigate the concentration of biological relatedness and material culture within networks of houses. This approach allowed us to observe how material culture similarity between buildings gives valuable information on potential biological relationships between individuals and how biogenetic ties concentrate at specific localities on site.
Abstract Aim This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the use of remineralization agents before the application of resin infiltration on the treatment of initial enamel lesions. Materials and ...methods Eighty buccal enamel samples were prepared from human molars, and artificial initial lesions were formed after 96 h of incubation with a demineralizing solution. The samples were randomly divided into 8 groups ( n = 10) including a remineralizing agent (Tooth Mousse, Medical Mineral Gel, Remin Pro), resin infiltration (ICON), and a combined treatment of both. Remineralizing agents were applied in pH cycle for 7 days. Baseline, demineralization, and after-treatment fluorescence (FluoreCam and DIAGNOdent Pen), surface microhardness (HMV-2T), surface roughness (M300C), OCT (Maestro-2) and ultrasonic system (Novascope 4500) data were obtained for all groups. The sample surfaces were examined under SEM/EDX (SU3500) at x1000. Data were statistically analyzed using the Two-Way Robust ANOVA and Bonferroni tests ( p < 0.05). Results There was no statistically significant difference between the groups for microhardness, roughness, OCT, DIAGNOdent Pen, ultrasound, and FluoreCam size/intensity values ( p = 0.582; p = 0.963; p = 0.884; p = 0.923; p = 0.051; p = 0.268; p = 0.793 respectively). The effect of the treatment procedure showed a significant difference ( p < 0.001), except for the roughness values ( p = 0.984). The lowest Calcium (Ca) ratio (%atomic) was observed in the RI group in the EDX analysis. Conclusion Remineralizing agents and resin infiltration methods may be used in combination or alone in the treatment of initial enamel lesions. Combining remineralizing agents with resin infiltration does not alter the efficacy of the treatment.
Background
25(OH)D may play role in differentiation and development of the hippocampus(1).25(OH)D deficiency was associated with reduced hippocampal volume in mild cognitive impairment(MCI)(2).We ...previously have shown that 25(OH)D levels were independently associated with reduced cognition independent from disease and AD‐related morphological changes(3),however the association with hippocampal subfields was not studied.We aimed to study the possible association between hippocampal subvolumes and 25(OH)D levels in our middle‐old age research participants.
Method
The participants were collected from a cognitive disorders research clinic at Hacettepe University.Those who use 25(OH)D supplements at the evaluation,have renal failure or diseases that could affect 25(OH)D metabolism were excluded.Concurrent serum 25(OH)D levels,Modified Mini Mental Test(3MS) scores and brain MRI data were retrospectively analyzed.FreeSurfer v.6.0 was used for automated structural neuroimaging analysis.Desikan‐Killiany atlas was utilized and in addition to the total volumes,the volumes of 12 distinct subfields of right and left hippocampi were analysed.Volumes were normalized to total intracranial volumes.Linear regression was used to determine the factors associated with the hippocampal volumes and the hippocampal subfields.Age, gender, education(years),3MS scores,syndromic diagnoses and 25(OH)D levels were used as the independent variables.Funded by TUBITAK 214S048,Hacettepe University THD2018‐17363 and Psychiatric Association of Turkey.
Result
208 patients(54 AD,83 subjective and mild CI,71 cognitively intact)were evaluated.Mean age was 70±9. 58.7% of the sample was female.19.7% had not finished primary school.Mean 25(OH) level was 20.5±12.16 ng/ml,57% of the sample had clinical vitamin D deficiency.25(OH)D levels were not different among diagnostic groups.Cognitive scores and age were the most consistent predictors of hippocampal subfields.In the multivariate analyses there was no association between hippocampal subunits and 25(OH)D levels regardless of the diagnoses(F=0.207, df=2, p=0.813).
Conclusion
Hippocampal volumes were not associated with 25(OH)D levels in line with our previous findings.This finding further support the hypothesis that vitamin D might be an independent factor for cognitive impairment.However our results differed from studies reporting positive correlation between hippocampal atrophy and 25(OH)D deficiency.This may be due to the heterogenous and limited nature of our sample,cross‐sectional nature of the study (those with previous vitamin D use were not eliminated) and the limited low range of 25(OH)D levels in our sample,consistent with the Turkish population.Further studies are needed to assess the role of 25(OH)D in neurodegeneration and cognitive decline.
The purpose of this preliminary study is to evaluate the push-out bond strength (PBS) of experimental dentin posts (EDPs) obtained from human and bovine teeth sterilized by autoclaving and gamma ...radiation. Eighty-four mandibulary premolars were obturated and divided into three post groups: the glass fiber group (Fb) human EDP group (Hm) and the bovine EDP group (Bv). Three subgroups (n=12) were obtained for each EDP groups according to the sterilization methods; no sterilization (Cnt), steam autoclaving (Aut), and gamma radiation (Rad) a total dose of 25 kGy. All posts were cemented to root canals using a dual cured resin cement (Panavia SA). After the micro slices (1mm in thickness) were obtained of each subgroup, PBS test was performed. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s multiple comparison tests (α=.05). The post type and sterilization method was significantly effective on the PBS values according to the ANOVA (P<.001). No sterilization apllied EDP groups showed significantly higher PBS values than the sterilized groups (P<.001). Bv_Cnt (9.42 ±1.31) showed significantly lower PBS values than both Fb (12.36 ±1.54) and Hm_Cnt (11.06 ±1.38) groups (P<.001). Both steam autoclaving and gamma radiation affect the PBS values and fracture modes of EDPs negatively. The bovine EDPs are not as effective as human EDPs with regard to the PBS to the root dentin.
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