ABSTRACT Tazi is a Turkish sighthound breed that has not yet been officially recognized by the world canine organization - Federation Cynologique Internationale(FCI). Research and analysis of ...morphometric parameters are required in order to write an official breed standard and recognize this breed. Previous research on this sighthound breed has shown only average values of individual morphological parameters and differences in them depending on gender, age or place of origin. However, the premise of this research is that there are several different varieties of Tazi, depending on the proportions of the body. Measurement results of 19 morphometric parameters showed that there are statistically significant differences between three sub-populations of Tazi, one with a format index greater than 100, the other with a format index less than 100 and third with a format index equal to 100. Such results are significant for setting the official breed standard in which the proportions of the body characteristic of this breed should be emphasized.
The paper presents the findings of specific antibodies in the blood sera of donkeys against the following viruses: equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV), African horse sickness virus (AHSV), equine ...herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1), equine influenza virus subtype H3N8 (EIV) and equine arteritis virus (EAV). The analyses were conducted during the year 2022. From a total of 199 donkeys bred in "Zasavica", blood was sampled from 53 animals (2 male donkeys and 51 female donkeys), aged 3 to 10 years. Specific antibodies against EIAV were not detected in any of the tested animals using the agar-gel immunodiffusion (AGID) assay. No specific antibodies against AHSV, tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), or antibodies against EAV, tested by the virus neutralization test (VNT) and ELISA were detected in any of these animals. A positive serological result for EHV-1 was determined by the VNT in all animals, with antibody titer values ranging from 1:2 to 1:128, while a very low antibody titer value for EIV (subtype H3N8) of 1:16 was determined in 18 donkeys using the hemagglutination inhibition test (HI test).
Parameters of the head are among the most important characteristics of each dog breed. The first morphometric examination of hounds on the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina was performed by Laska ...in 1905. Since then, no one has ever conducted morphometric measurements on the Bosnian broken-haired hound - Barak. The breed itself is recognized by the FCI, and described under standard No 155, 1973. As for the head, the standard only describes the length, with no other parameters. The aim of this paper was to determine the basic parameters of the head of the Bosnian broken-haired hound - Barak by conducting zootechnical measurements. The study involved 120 dogs, including 64 males and 56 females, aged from 9 months to 10 years, from the entire territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The total of five parameters of the head was measured on each dog, and four indexes were calculated based on these measurements. This paper is the first analysis of the morphometric characteristics of the head of the Bosnian broken-haired hound Barak, and the results can be used for further detailed description of this breed.
Introduction. By the number of litters and puppies per year, the Posavatz hound is the second most common hound breed in Serbia. This hound is intensively used for hunting in Serbia, since these dogs ...show very good working characteristics. The aim of this study was to determine the extent to which the external characteristics of the population in Serbia meet the norms prescribed by the official standard for the breed. Materials and Methods. A total of 251 Posavatz hounds, i.e. 134 adult males and 117 adult females, were included in a morphometric evaluation of the population sub-sample during 2017 and 2018. The basic parameters of height at the withers, body length, chest circumference and head length were measured. The variability of the results obtained was statistically analyzed by Student?s t-test for distribution of the frequencies, while the heterogeneity/homogeneity of the evaluated morphometric parameters within the Posavatz breed was estimated by coefficient of variation. Results and Conclusions. The results showed the studied Posavatz hounds in Serbia are characterized by a proper rectangular body shape. However, the average body height tended to be too low, i.e. more towards the lower limit of the prescribed height at the withers. The morphometric deviations established when comparing the Posavatz hound population in Serbia with the standard for the breed should enlighten the guidelines for sound selective breeding of the Posavatz hound by contributing to decision making by breeders and expert commissions of canine organizations. Overall, this should allow healthy breeding and welfare maintenance throughout generations for this hound breed.
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The Kangal Shepherd Dog is considered the most common dog breed of Turkish origin. This study investigated variations in ten autosomal microsatellite markers (PEZ01, PEZ03, PEZ05, PEZ06, PEZ08, ...PEZ12, PEZ20, FHC2010, FHC2054 and FHC2079) for the purposes of genetic diversity assessment of the Kangal breed. In addition, the use of markers was assessed in parentage testing and individual identification within the Kangal breed. The microsatellite markers were typed in 51 Kangal dogs. The total number of alleles in the study population was 69. The mean number of alleles per locus was 6.9, and varied from four (FHC2079) to 12 (PEZ12). The polymorphic information content (PIC) ranged from 0.52 (FHC2079) to 0.87 (PEZ12), with the mean value for all loci of 0.717. Power of exclusion (PE) in 10 microsatellites investigated varied between 0.143 (FHC2054) and 0.472 (PEZ08) per locus. In order to determine the efficiency of using microsatellites for individual identification in the Kangal breed, power of discrimination (PD) and matching probability (MP) were calculated for each microsatellite marker. The panel achieved high combined MP (6.77 × 10
) and high combined PD value of 99.99999%. The obtained results may contribute to further recognition of the Kangal breed, and confirm that the investigated microsatellites enable a reliable parentage testing and individual identification of the breed.
A group of dogs known as hounds is widespread and highly appreciated among
the hunters on the Balkans. Hounds are referred to as hunting dogs that
engage in loud pursuit of game along its trail. ...These dogs do not need to se
the game in order to pursue it and begin to bark once they stumble upon game
trail. First serious research along with zootechnical measurement was
conducted in 1905, at which occasion three large groups of hounds that
inhabit the Balkans were described. This undertaking provided a solid
foundation for further research and standardization of certain hound breeds.
Though a lot of field work and standardization efforts were undertaken since
then, there are still groups of hounds not encompassed in previous research
work that are well-spread on the field and frequently utilized as hunting
companions. One of the variety among these non-standardized breeds are
Bulgarian scent hound, which differ from described hound breeds by certain
exterior characteristics. In this paper, processed and analyzed some of the
basic exterior features of body and head of the Bulgarian Scent Hound.
Measurements were performed in 21 males and 15 females of following
parameters, the height at withers, back height, loin height, chest
circumference, body length, head length, skull length, nozzle length, head
width and nozzle width. The average height of males is 54.60 and female
51.73 cm. Head length of males, on average, was 23.95 cm and females 23, 53
cm.
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The Turkish Mastiff or Aksaray Malakli Dog is a Turkish dog breed not yet officially recognized by the world canine organization - Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI). To achieve recognition, ...more research and analysis of the morphometric parameters of this breed are required. Previous research on this breed presented the average values of certain morphological parameters. Measurement results of 20 morphometric parameters showed that there are statistically significant differences in body structure between males and females. Such results are significant for setting the official breed standard in which the proportions of the body characteristic of this breed should be emphasized.
Turski mastif ili aksaray malakli je turska pasmina pasa koju Svjetska kinološka organizacija - Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) još nije službeno priznala. Kako bi ova pasmina bila priznata, potrebna su brojna istraživanja i analiza morfometrijskih parametara ove pasmine. Prethodno istraživanje na ovoj aksaray malakli pasmini pokazalo je prosječne vrijednosti nekih morfoloških parametara. Mjerenje rezultata 20 morfometrijskih parametara pokazalo je da postoje statistički značajne razlike u tjelesnoj strukturi između mužjaka i ženki. Takvi rezultati su značajni za postavljanje službenog standarda pasmine u kojem bi trebalo naglasiti proporcije tjelesnih karakteristika ove pasmine.
In this study, a morphometric investigation was carried out on the Akbash Turkish shepherd dog breed using 30 exterior parameters. The study consisted of 96 dogs (54 males and 42 females) ranging in ...age from 2 to 9 years. All dogs were bred in the West Anatolia region of Turkey, around the city of Eskisehir. The following exterior parameters were measured and their means were obtained: height at withers (65.22±3.99 cm), height at mid-back (62.24±4.24 cm), height at rump (64.97±4.16 cm), height at base of tail (58.2±5.01 cm), height to elbow (36.07±4.06 cm), height to knee (35.83±4.96 cm), height to hock (17.08±3.21 cm), height to tip of sternum (45.12±4.30 cm), body length (70.58±5.58 cm), chest depth (29.58±3.23 cm), chest width (21.02±3.18 cm), breast width (16.86±3.41 cm), chest circumference (77.86±7.05 cm), pastern circumference (13.27±1.67 cm), rump length (19.21±3.27 cm), pelvic width (8.65±2.18 cm), rump protuberance width (7.58±3.02 cm), head length (27.20±2.85 cm), skull length (16.58±1.92 cm), muzzle length (10.30±2.35 cm), skull width (14.06±1.96 cm), muzzle width (7.60±1.26 cm). According to the obtained morphological characteristics the dog has a rectangular body format, and the rump is somewhat higher than the height at the withers. According to its craniological characteristics it belongs to the group of mesaticephalic dogs. The width of the skull is smaller than its length. Angles of the hind legs are more open than angles of the front legs.
Organic farming, as an ecologically acceptable production method based on natural processes and the use of organic and natural materials, is becoming increasingly popular in Serbia. In addition to ...“organic”, this type of production is also commonly called “ecological” or “biological”. The objectives of organic agriculture are to maintain and increase fertility of the land, suppress land erosion, conserve biodiversity, protect natural resources from pollution and produce foods of high nutritional value. In organizing organic livestock production, priority is given to native (indigenous) breeds adapted to local growing conditions and resistant to diseases. Organic production, which is an integral part of the sustainable agriculture system, does not permit the use of protective and nutraceuticals of synthetic chemical origin and synthetic drugs, growth regulators, hormones and GMOs. Despite the common, classical means of goat farming, in recent years there has been increasing interest to change typical farming methods to introduce “Bio” systems, i.e. biologically clean farming methods. Such production methods result in products free of the chemicals that are common in numerous substances used in common production methods. Animal welfare is always a high priority in organic production. Primarily, animals should be provided with conditions for growth and development that are in compliance with their genetic potential. This implies respecting their physiological and ecological needs, and ensuring conditions to express their natural functions and behaviour. In order to start and later organize such production, certain conditions must be met. The appropriate, accredited institutions are responsible for ensuring that the required conditions are met and that production is in line with the principles of biological production. Holdings meeting the requirements of biological production receive the appropriate certificate. Today organic production in the EU is regulated by the EEC Directive 2092/91, and its amendments.
Organska poljoprivreda, kao proizvodna metoda koja je ekološki prihvatljiva i koji se zasniva na prirodnim procesima i uporabi organskih i prirodnih tvari, u Srbiji je sve popularnija. Osim naziva organska u uporabi su i termini ekološka i biološka proizvodnja. Ciljevi organske poljoprivrede su održavanje i povećanje plodnosti zemljišta, suzbijanje erozije zemljišta, očuvanje bioraznolikosti, zaštita prirodnih resursa od zagađenja i proizvodnja hrane visoke nutritivne vrijednosti. Pri organiziranju organske stočarske proizvodnje prednost se daje domaćim (autohtonim) pasminama koje su prilagođene na lokalne uvjete uzgoja i otporne na bolesti. U organskoj proizvodnji, koja je sastavni dio sustava održive poljoprivrede nije dopuštena uporaba sredstava za zaštitu i ishranu koja su sintetičko-kemijskog podrijetla i sintetičkih lijekova, regulatora rasta, hormona i GMO organizama. Pored uobičajenih, klasičnih, načina uzgoja koza posljednjih godina sve se više govori o potrebi promjene ustaljenih načina uzgoja koza i uvođenju “Bio” sustava, odnosno biološki čistog načina uzgoja. Ovim načinom proizvodnje dobivaju se proizvodi koji su slobodni od kemijskih elemenata koji su sastavni dijelovi mnogobrojnih preparata koji se koriste u konvencionalnoj proizvodnji. U organskoj proizvodnji dobrobit životinja ima prioritet. Prije svega životinjama treba osigurati uvjete za njihov rast i razvoj u skladu s prirodnim genetskim potencijalom. To podrazumijeva poštovanje fizioloških i ekoloških potreba životinja i stvaranje uvjeta za izražavanje prirodnih funkcija i ponašanja. Kako bi se počela, a kasnije organizirala ovakva proizvodnja nužno je ispuniti određene uvjete. Jesu li predviđeni uvjeti ispunjeni i odvija li se proizvodnja po principima biološke proizvodnje što potvrđuju odgovarajuće, akreditirane, institucije. Gospodarstva koja ispunjavaju uvjete biološke proizvodnje dobivaju odgovarajući certifikat. Danas je organska proizvodnja u EU regulirana direktivom EEZ 2092/91, kao i brojnim amandmanima.
The donkey, as a work animal, is gradually losing its value. Agriculture industrialization, mechanization of many processes on mountain and valley farms have lead to a reduction of donkey livestock. ...This reduction gives cause for concern, and is good reason to study all aspects of these domestic animals in order to revive its role, to restart livestock growth in its familiar habitats, and to introduce it into new environments. This study focuses on these aspects. The domestic donkey (Equus asinus) originated from Africa, and there are two kinds of African donkeys: Nubian and Somali. Their enormous, almost mystical, endurance is well known. There is no place in the world where a donkey is not able to perform the most difficult work, above all in transporting goods. A donkey has an amazing capability of stable movement through the most difficult places. For study sample consisted of 44 donkeys (28 males and 16 females) from Austria. The following morphometric parameters were analysed: height at the withers, height at the back, height of the croup, body length, chest depth, chest width, chest circumference anterior, chest circumference posterior, shin circumference, head length, skull length, face length, skull width, face width, length of ears. Measurements were performed using a ruler, tape measure and vernier callipers. The average height at the withers of males was 116.40 cm, ranging from 99.60 to 140.60 cm, while for females, the average was 102.38 cm, ranging from 90.50 to 125.70 cm. Body length of males was on average 121.85 cm with a standard deviation of 11.79, while the mean body length for females is 115.80 cm, with a range of 101.00 to 131.00 cm. Male head length ranged from 48.00 to 71.00 cm, with an average of 55.60 cm, while in females, head length was on average 50.06 cm, ranging from 43.00 to 56.00 cm. Using the Pearson correlation, a very significant or significant positive statistical correlation was observed between almost all parameters of males, while for females, Pearson correlation values had slightly different values than for males. There was no statistically significant correlation between chest width and anterior chest circumference with nearly any other parameters. For females, a negative correlation between the skull width and all other parameters was also observed.
Posljednjih desetljeća polako, ali stalno, magarac gubi mjesto kao svugdje prisutna radna snaga. Industrijalizacija poljoprivrede, mehanizacija mnogih poslova u brdskim i planinskim predjelima prouzročili su smanjenje broja magaradi. Intenzitet smanjenja prešao je granicu alarmantnosti. Da bi se uspješno vodila akcija revitalizacije magaradi u njihovim uobičajenim, a i novim arealima neophodno je ovu domaću životinju upoznati s različitih aspekata. U tom je smislu obavljeno i ovo istraživanje. Domaći magarac (Equus asinus) potječe iz Afrike. Razlikuju se nubijski i somalijski magarci. Poznata je velika radna izdržljivost magaradi, koja je pomalo i mistična. Ne postoje geografski predjeli gdje magarad ne obavljaju najteže oblike rada, prije svega transporta. Za svako čuđenje je njihova mogućnost kretanja i stabilnost po nepristupačnim terenima. Za potrebe ovog rada korištena je ukupno 44 magaradi (28 mužjaka i 16 ženki). Proučavane jedinke su s područja Republike Austrije. Analizirani su sljedeći morfometrijski parametri: visina grebena, visina leđa, visina križa, dužina trupa, dubina prsa, širina prsa, obujam prsa prednji, obujam prsa zadnji, obujam cjevanice, dužina glave, dužina lubanje, dužina facijalnog dijela, širina lubanje, širina facijalnog dijela, dužina ušiju. Mjerenje je obavljeno pomoću Litinovog štapa, pantljike i pomičnog mjerila s nonijusem. Prosječna visina grebena iznosila je 116,40 cm, a interval variranja od 99,60 cm do 140,60 cm. Visina grebena ženki varira od 90.50 cm do 125.70 cm. U prosjeku ženke su visoke 102,38 cm sa standardnom devijacijom od 8,28 i standardnom grješkom od 2,07. Dužina trupa u mužjaka u prosjeku je iznosila 121,85 cm sa standardnom devijacijom od 11,79. Dužina trupa ženki iznosila je od 101,00 cm do 131,00 cm. Srednja vrijednost dužine trupa u ženki bila je 115,80 cm. Dužina glave mužjaka bila je od 48,00 do 71,00 cm, s prosječnom vrjednošću od 55,60 cm. Dužina glave u ženskih jedinki varira od 43,00 do 56,00 cm. Glava je prosječno bila duga 50,06 cm sa standardnom devijacijom od 3,23. Primjenom Personove korelacije zabilježena je vrlo značajna ili značajna pozitivna statistička korelacija između gotovo svih parametara u mužjaka. U ženki vrijednosti Personove korelacije imaju nešto drugačije vrijednosti nego u mužjaka. Između širine prsa i prednjeg obujma prsa nije bilo statistički značajne korelacije s gotovo svim ostalim parametrima. Za ove parametre jedino je pozitivna vrlo značajna statistička korelacija zabilježena između dužine trupa i širine prsa, kao i prednjeg obujma prsa; zatim između prednjeg i zadnjeg obujma prsa i dubine prsa ova dva parametra. U ženki je zabilježena i negativna korelacija između širine lubanjskog dijela i svih ostalih parametra.
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