Ionogels have gained increasing attentions as a flexible conductive material. However, it remains a big challenge to integrate multiple functions into one gel that can be widely applied in various ...complex scenes. Herein, a kind of multifunctional ionogels with a combination of desirable properties, including transparency, high stretchability, solvent and temperature resistance, recyclability, high conductivity, underwater self‐healing ability, and underwater adhesiveness is reported. The ionogels are prepared via one‐step photoinitiated polymerization of 2,2,2‐trifluoroethyl acrylate and acrylamide in a hydrophobic ionic liquid. The abundant noncovalent interactions including hydrogen bonding and ion–dipole interactions endow the ionogels with excellent mechanical strength, resilience, and rapid self‐healing capability at room temperature, while the fluorine‐rich polymeric matrix brings in high tolerance against water and various organic solvents, as well as tough underwater adhesion on different substrates. Wearable strain sensors based on the ionogels can sensitively detect and differentiate large body motions, such as bending of limbs, walking and jumping, as well as subtle muscle movements, such as pronunciation and pulse. It is believed that the designed ionogels will show great promises in wearable devices and ionotronics.
A physically crosslinked multifunctional ionogel is designed and prepared via a simple one‐step photoinitiated polymerization of a fluorinated monomer and a hydrogen bond enabling comonomer in a hydrophobic ionic liquid. The ionogels possess excellent comprehensive performance, including high transparency, robust mechanical properties, self‐healing and self‐adhesion in air/underwater, easy recyclability, solvent tolerance, and sensitive and reliable strain sensing.
Ontogenetic variation is documented within many dinosaur species, but extreme ontogenetic changes are rare among dinosaurs, particularly among theropods. Here, we analyze 19 specimens of the Jurassic ...ceratosaurian theropod Limusaurus inextricabilis, representing six ontogenetic stages based on body size and histological data. Among 78 ontogenetic changes we identify in these specimens, the most unexpected one is the change from fully toothed jaws in the hatchling and juvenile individuals to a completely toothless beaked jaw in the more mature individuals, representing the first fossil record of ontogenetic edentulism among the jawed vertebrates. Jaw morphological data, including those derived from Mi-CT and SR-μCT scanning of Limusaurus specimens, reveal dental alveolar vestiges and indicate that ontogenetic tooth loss in Limusaurus is a gradual, complex process. Our discovery has significant implications for understanding the evolution of the beak, an important feeding structure present in several tetrapod clades, including modern birds. This radical morphological change suggests a dietary shift, probably from omnivory for juvenile Limusaurus to herbivory for adult Limusaurus, which is also supported by additional evidence from gastroliths and stable isotopes. Incorporating new ontogenetic information from Limusaurus into phylogenetic analyses demonstrates surprisingly little effect on its placement when data from different stages are used exclusively, in contrast to previous analyses of tyrannosaurids, but produces subtle differences extending beyond the placement of Limusaurus.
•Wang et al. report 78 ontogenetically variable features of the theropod Limusaurus•Limusaurus is the only known reptile to lose its teeth and form a beak after birth•The available data are important for understanding the evolution of the avian beak•The ontogenetically variable features have little effect on its phylogenetic position
Wang et al. report 78 ontogenetically variable features of the theropod dinosaur Limusaurus, among which the loss of teeth and formation of a beak was previously unknown in any reptile. The extreme ontogenetic changes have surprisingly little effect on phylogenetic analyses and are important in understanding the evolution of the avian beak.
Perception of UV radiation has important applications in medical health, industrial production, electronic communication, etc. In numerous application scenarios, there is an increasing demand for the ...intuitive and low‐cost detection of UV radiation through colorimetric visual behavior, as well as the efficient and multi‐functional utilization of UV radiation. However, photodetectors based on photoconductive modes or photosensitive colorimetric materials are not conducive to portable or multi‐scene applications owing to their complex and expensive photosensitive components, potential photobleaching, and single‐stimulus response behavior. Here, a multifunctional visual sensor based on the “host–guest photo‐controlled permutation” strategy and the “lock and key” model is developed. The host–guest specific molecular recognition and electrochromic sensing platform is integrated at the micro‐molecular scale, enabling multi‐functional and multi‐scene applications in the convenient and fast perception of UV radiation, military camouflage, and information erasure at the macro level of human–computer interaction through light–electrical co‐controlled visual switching characteristics. This light–electrical co‐controlled visual sensor based on an optoelectronic multi‐mode sensing system is expected to provide new ideas and paradigms for healthcare, microelectronics manufacturing, and wearable electronic devices owing to its advantages of signal visualization, low energy consumption, low cost, and versatility.
This work reports a portable visual sensor by integrating a multi‐mode sensing platform of photo‐controlled host–guest specific molecular recognition and electrochromism, which can perceive optical and electrical dual‐mode stimuli, and efficiently realize light‐controlled stealth in military camouflage and information erasure through the visual anti‐counterfeiting signal of human–computer interaction.
A counterion-controlled reactivity tuning in Pd-catalyzed highly chemoselective and regioselective dimerization and hydration of terminal alkynes is reported. The use of acetate as counterion favors ...the formation of an alkenyl alkynyl palladium intermediate which forms hitherto less reported 1,3-diaryl-substituted conjugated enynes after reductive elimination. Using chloride, which is a better leaving group, leads to anion exchange on the alkenylpalladium intermediate with hydroxide which after reductive elimination and tautomerization delivered the hydration products.
The Siberian roe deer (Capreolus pygargus) is a widely distributed ungulate in northeast China. Due to a series of human disturbance activities such as large‐scale forest cutting, deforestation and ...reclamation, road construction in the past, the appearance and internal structure of forest vegetation in the habitat of Siberian roe have changed significantly. At the same time, Siberian roe population had a series of ecological adaptation responses in the face of such habitat changes. Therefore, two typical vegetation types with differences were selected in the Muling Forest, China. We used nutritional ecology and microbial metagenomic analysis techniques to compare the nutritional selection strategy and the structure and functional characteristics of faecal microbiota of Siberian roe groups in two vegetation types. The results showed that the α diversity of dietary and gut microbes of deer in Natural Forest was higher than that in Plantation Forest. However, the gut microbes of the Plantation Forest group contained more unique enzymes in the functional pathways of carbon metabolism and biosynthesis of amino acids. This study suggests that habitat type is associated with plant community composition, and contributes to changes in the intake proportions of major macronutrients by altering the availability, quality, and composition of certain edible plants. Feeding behaviour may be an important regulatory factor of gut microbiota structure and function of deer. The metabolic function of gut microbiota to different nutrients may affect the microbial community structure. Therefore, our results suggest that the gut microbes of Siberian roe may have coevolved with their diets, and reflect the adaptability of deer populations to environmental changes (e.g., vegetation type). Our study provides new insights into how spatial heterogeneity affects nutrition and microecosystems by describing the interactions among the environment, diet, and symbiotic gut microbes in wild ungulates.
Purpose
Drug elimination alteration has been well reported in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Considering that transporters and glomerular filtration influence, to different extents, the drug ...disposition, and possible side effects, we evaluated the effects of ALL on major renal transporters and glomerular filtration mediated pharmacokinetic changes, as well as expression of renal drug transporters.
Methods
ALL xenograft models were established and intravenously injected with substrates of renal transporters and glomerular filtration separately in NOD/SCID mice. The plasma concentrations of substrates, after single doses, were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS).
Results
With the development of ALL, protein expression of MDR1, OAT3 and OCT2 were increased by 2.62-fold, 1.70-fold, and 1.45-fold, respectively, whereas expression of MRP2 and MRP4 were significantly decreased by 30.98% and 45.28% in the kidney of ALL groups compared with control groups. Clearance of MDR1-mediated digoxin, OAT3-mediated furosemide, and OCT2-mediated metformin increased by 3.04-fold, 1.47-fold, and 1.26-fold, respectively. However, clearance of MRPs-mediated methotrexate was reduced by 39.5%. These results are consistent with mRNA expression. Clearance of vancomycin and amikacin, as markers of glomerular filtration rate, had a 2.14 and 1.64-fold increase in ALL mice, respectively.
Conclusions
The specific alteration of renal transporters and glomerular filtration in kidneys provide a rational explanation for changes in pharmacokinetics for ALL.
Given the growing interest in micro-scale thermal management of mini- and micro-light-emitting diodes (LEDs), it is crucial to develop an effective 2-D junction temperature measurement method. In ...this article, the microscopic hyperspectral imaging (Formula Omitted-HSI) technique has been proposed to probe the 2-D photo-thermal distribution of the flip-chip mini-LEDs. Running on a two-axis rotating platform, Formula Omitted-HSI is able to directly focus on the epitaxial layer surface (episurface) and lateral side of the LED chips to acquire their 2-D spectral distributions. Subsequently, the full width at half maximum (FWHM) matrix was extracted to deduce the 2-D junction temperature distributions. As a result, the location and temperature distribution of the active layer, i.e., p-n junction, can be determined accurately. The mean temperature of the episurface approximately matches that of the active layer. The Raman shift method was applied to verify the accuracy of the Formula Omitted-HSI technique. In addition, the extra fine structures as well as temperature distributions of the interface between the episurface and sapphire or electrodes are distinguished and analyzed by this technique. This work offers an effective tool for the quality improvement and thermal management of mini-LEDs.
High-grade glioma (HGG) is a fatal human cancer. Bortezomib, a proteasome inhibitor, has been approved for the treatment of multiple myeloma but its use in glioma awaits further investigation. This ...study aimed to explore the chemotherapeutic effect and the underlying mechanism of bortezomib on gliomas.
U251 and U87 cell viability and proliferation were detected by 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, tumor cell spheroid growth, and colony formation assay. Cell apoptosis and cell cycle were detected by flow cytometry. Temozolomide (TMZ)-insensitive cell lines were induced by long-term TMZ treatment, and cells with stem cell characteristics were enriched with stem cell culture medium. The mRNA levels of interested genes were measured via reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and protein levels were determined via Western blotting/immunofluorescent staining in cell lines and immunohistochemical staining in paraffin-embedded sections. Via inoculating U87 cells subcutaneously, glioma xenograft models in nude mice were established for drug experiments. Patient survival data were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method.
Bortezomib inhibited the viability and proliferation of U251 and U87 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner by inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Bortezomib also significantly inhibited the spheroid growth, colony formation, and stem-like cell proliferation of U251 and U87 cells. When administrated in combination, bortezomib showed synergistic effect with TMZ in vitro and sensitized glioma to TMZ treatment both in vitro and in vivo. Bortezomib reduced both the mRNA and protein levels of Forkhead Box M1 (FOXM1) and its target gene Survivin. The FOXM1-Survivin axis was markedly up-regulated in established TMZ-insensitive glioma cell lines and HGG patients. Expression levels of FOXM1 and Survivin were positively correlated with each other and both related to poor prognosis in glioma patients.
Bortezomib was found to inhibit glioma growth and improved TMZ chemotherapy efficacy, probably via down-regulating the FOXM1-Survivin axis. Bortezomib might be a promising agent for treating malignant glioma, alone or in combination with TMZ.
Gliomas with isocitrate dehydrogenases gene mutations (IDHMT) were found to be less aggressive than their wildtype (IDHWT) counterparts. However, the mechanism remains unclear. The current study aims ...to investigate the role of silenced oncogenic microRNAs in IDHMT gliomas, which were largely ignored and may contribute to the less aggressive behavior of IDHMT gliomas. Microarrays, bioinformatics analysis of the data from TCGA and qPCR analysis of samples from our experimental cohort (LGG: IDHWT = 10, IDHMT = 31; GBM: IDHWT = 34, IDHMT = 9) were performed. The results show that miR-155 was consistently down-regulated in IDHMT gliomas. Establishment of IDH1R132H overexpressing glioma cell line and bisulfite sequencing PCR suggested that miR-155 down-regulation was associated with IDH1R132H mutation induced promoter CpG islands methylation. The cancer testis antigen FAM133A is a direct downstream target of miR-155 and is a negative regulator of glioma invasion and migration possibly by regulating matrix metallopeptidase 14 (MMP14). Together, we found that methylation-regulated miR-155-FAM133A axis may contribute to the attenuated invasion and migration of IDHMT gliomas by targeting MMP14.
•MiR-155 is down-regulated in IDHMT gliomas and is an independent risk factor for glioma patients.•MiR-155 is down-regulated via IDH mutation-induced promoter CpG island methylation.•Cancer testis antigen FAM133A is a direct downstream target of miR-155.•FAM133A predicts favorable prognosis for glioma patients.•Down-regulation of FAM133A promotes glioma invasion/migration by regulating MMP14.
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