Synopsis
A multicentre study for measuring skin hydration with 349 volunteers was carried out in six different laboratories. The purpose of the study was to investigate physical‐, physiological‐ and ...product‐dependent parameters of three test emulsions (base, base + moisturizer and base + moisturizer + lipids) in a double‐blind study. A comparison between analogous and digital sensor technology of the Corneometer CM825 was examined. Here, a clear relationship between both sensor types could be highlighted. A vital point of the study was the division of the test subjects according to their skin type. To get more objective limits for three different skin types – very dry, dry and normal skin – visual expert evaluation, self‐assessment and hydration measurements were analysed by means of statistical methods. The moisture‐related skin types were determined as follows: very dry skin was characterized with corneometer units below 30, dry skin between 30 and 40 and normal skin higher than 40 a.u. (arbitrary units). The efficacy of the three test emulsions was examined in relation to the mentioned skin types. Analysing the measured data of all test centres, a clear dependency of skin physiology (skin type) and product efficacy became evident. The drier the skin, the higher the increase of hydration. The product performance of the three test emulsions compared to the untreated control resulted in a significant increase of skin hydration in all measuring centres. The evaluation of a product ranking showed a good differentiation between the basic emulsion and the two other products. An increase of efficacy by adding lipids could be observed in four of six centres. The important influence of the skin type of the volunteers on the degree of product performance, as demonstrated in this study, should be especially considered when drawing up guidelines for efficacy testing.
Résumé
Une étude multicentrique relative à l'hydratation de la peau a été menée en double aveugle sur 349 volontaires dans 6 laboratoires différents. Cette étude avait pour objectif l'investigation de paramètres physiques et physiologiques de la peau en fonction de 3 émulsions type (base, base + agents hydratants, base + agents hydratants + lipides).
Les deux technologies du Cornéomètre CM 825, celle du capteur analogue et celle du capteur numérique, ont été comparées. Une relation claire entre ces deux capteurs a pu être mise en évidence.
Un point central de l'étude a été la répartition des volontaires selon leur type de peau. Afin de distinguer clairement trois groupes, peau normale, peau sèche et peau très sèche, l'évaluation clinique faite par un expert, l'évaluation subjective des volontaires eux‐mêmes et les mesures de Cornéomètre on été analysées à l'aide de méthodes statistiques dont il résulte que la peau très sèche est charactérisée par des valeurs de Cornéomètre inférieures à 30, la peau sèche par des valeurs situées entre 30 et 40 et le peau normale par des valeurs supérieures à 40 (unités arbitraires). Ceci a permis d'étudier l'efficacité des 3 émulsions testées en fonction des 3 types de peaux.
L'analyse des données des six centres a permis de mettre en évidence la dépendance distincte entre la physiologie de la peau (type de peau) et l'effet provoqué par un traitement. Plus la peau est sèche plus le taux d'hydratation de la peau augmente.
Dans chaque centre la performance de chaque émulsion était significative comparée au contrôle non traité.
Un ordre de rang des produits testés a pu être établi, l'émulsion de base se différentiant nettement des deux autres (base + agents hydratants) et (base + agents hydratants + lipides) et l'adjonction de lipides conduisant dans quatre centres sur six à une augmentation de l'efficacité.
Cette étude montre l'influence du type de peau sur le degré de performance d'un produit. Ce point primordial doit être absolument pris en considération lors de la planification d'une étude d'efficacité.
In this study, we describe the statistical analysis of the usage profile of the European population to seven cosmetic products. The aim of the study was to construct a reliable model of exposure of ...the European population from use of the selected products: body lotion, shampoo, deodorant spray, deodorant non-spray, facial moisturiser, lipstick and toothpaste.
The first step in this process was to gather reliable data on consumer usage patterns of the products. These data were sourced from a combination of market information databases and a controlled product use study by the trade association Colipa. The market information study contained a large number of subjects, in total 44,100 households and 18,057 habitual users (males and females) of the studied products, in five European countries.
The data sets were then combined to generate a realistic distribution of frequency of use of each product, combined with distribution of the amount of product used at each occasion using the CREMe software. A Monte Carlo method was used to combine the data sets. This resulted in a new model of European exposure to cosmetic products being constructed.
•Natural titanium, nickel and copper targets.•70MeV ARRONAX cyclotron proton beam.•Stacked-foil technique and monitor reactions.•Experimental cross section values.•TALYS code version 1.6.
New ...excitation functions for proton induced nuclear reactions on natural titanium, nickel and copper were measured, using the stacked-foil technique and gamma spectrometry, up to 70MeV. The experimental cross sections were measured using the Ti-nat(p,x) V-48, Ni-nat(p,x) Ni-57 and Cu-nat(p,x) Zn-62,Co-56 monitor reactions recommended by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), depending on the investigated energy range. Data have been extracted for the Ti-nat(p,x) Sc-43,44m,46,47,48, V-48, K-42,43, Ni-nat(p,x) Ni-56,57, Co-55,56,57,58, Mn-52,54, Cu-nat(p,x) Cu-61,64, Ni-57, Co-56,57,58,60, Zn-62,65, Mn-54 reactions. Our results are discussed and compared to the existing ones as well as with the TALYS code version 1.6 calculations using default models. Our experimental data are in overall good agreement with the literature. TALYS is able to reproduce, in most cases, the experimental trend. Our new experimental results allow to expand our knowledge on these excitation functions, to confirm the existing trends and to give additional values on a large energy range. This work is in line with the new Coordinated Research Project (CRP) launched by the IAEA to expand the database of monitor reactions.
(186g)Re is a β-/γ emitter of great interest for nuclear medicine. It has shown successful results on bone metastases palliation and has similar chemical properties as (99m)Tc, the most commonly used ...imaging agent. (186g)Re is routinely produced using rhenium target in nuclear reactor. Higher specific activity could be obtained using accelerators. In this paper, production cross section values are presented for the (nat)W(d,x)(186g)Re reaction up to 34MeV, using the stacked-foils method and gamma spectrometry. From this data set, the thick target production yield of (186g)Re is determined and compared with the validated values of the IAEA and also with the proton route. The production cross sections of the (nat)W(d,x)(183,182g,184m,184g,181)Re and (nat)W(d,x)(187)W reactions have also been determined. A good agreement is found with the literature. Our data are compared with the version 1.6 (December 2013) of the TALYS code which shows discrepancies both on the shape and on the amplitude for these deuteron induced reactions.
Tin-117m is an interesting radionuclide for both diagnosis and therapy, thanks to the gamma-ray and electron emissions, respectively, resulting from its decay to tin-117g. The high specific activity ...of tin-117 m is required in many medical applications, and it can be obtained using a high energy alpha particle beam and a cadmium target. The experiments performed at the ARRONAX cyclotron (Nantes, France) using an alpha particle beam delivered at 67.4 MeV provide a measurement of the excitation function of the Cd-nat(α,x)Sn-117 m reaction and the produced contaminants. The Cd-116(α,3n)Sn-117m production cross section has been deduced from these experimental results using natural cadmium. Both production yield and specific activity as a function of the projectile energy have been calculated. These informations help to optimize the irradiation conditions to produce tin-117 m with the required specific activity using α particles with a cadmium target.
(226)Th (T1/2=31 min) is a promising therapeutic radionuclide since results, published in 2009, showed that it induces leukemia cells death and activates apoptosis pathways with higher efficiencies ...than (213)Bi. (226)Th can be obtained via the (230)U α decay. This study focuses on the (230)U production using the (232)Th(d,4n)(230)Pa(β-)(230)U reaction.
Experimental cross sections for deuteron-induced reactions on (232)Th were measured from 30 down to 19 MeV using the stacked-foil technique with beams provided by the ARRONAX cyclotron. After irradiation, all foils (targets as well as monitors) were measured using a high-purity germanium detector.
Our new (230)Pa cross-section values, as well as those of (232)Pa and (233)Pa contaminants created during the irradiation, were compared with previous measurements and with results given by the TALYS code. Experimentally, same trends were observed with slight differences in orders of magnitude mainly due to the nuclear data change. Improvements are ongoing about the TALYS code to better reproduce the data for deuteron-induced reactions on (232)Th.
Using our cross-section data points from the (232)Th(d,4n)(230)Pa reaction, we have calculated the thick-target yield of (230)U, in Bq/μA·h. This value allows now to a full comparison between the different production routes, showing that the proton routes must be preferred.
Tin-117m is an interesting radionuclide for both diagnosis and therapy, thanks to the gamma-ray and electron emissions, respectively, resulting from its decay to tin-117g. The high specific activity ...of tin-117m is required in many medical applications, and it can be obtained using a high energy alpha particle beam and a cadmium target. The experiments performed at the ARRONAX cyclotron (Nantes, France) using an alpha particle beam delivered at 67.4MeV provide a measurement of the excitation function of the Cd-nat(α,x)Sn-117m reaction and the produced contaminants. The Cd-116(α,3n)Sn-117m production cross section has been deduced from these experimental results using natural cadmium. Both production yield and specific activity as a function of the projectile energy have been calculated. These informations help to optimize the irradiation conditions to produce tin-117m with the required specific activity using α particles with a cadmium target.
•Cd-116(α,3n)Sn-117m.•High specific activity Sn-117m.•Theranostic isotope.
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