The silicon vertex detector of the Belle II experiment Gabrielli, A.; Adamczyk, K.; Aihara, H. ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
07/2024, Letnik:
1064
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The silicon vertex detector (SVD) is a four-layer double-sided strip detector installed at the heart of the Belle II experiment, taking data at the high-luminosity B-Factory SuperKEKB since 2019. SVD ...has been operating smoothly and reliably, showing a stable and above-99% hit efficiency, and a large signal-to-noise ratio in all sensors. In June 2022 the data-taking of the Belle II experiment was stopped for the Long Shutdown 1, primarily required to complete the vertex detector (VXD) with the inner two-layer DEPFET detector and to upgrade several components of the accelerator. This article reports on the excellent performance of SVD in terms of the signal-to-noise ratio, the hit position resolution, as well as the hit-time resolution. We briefly describe the challenges and delicate phases of the VXD re-installation and the SVD status for operation starting in early 2024. In SVD layer 3, which is closest to the interaction point, the average occupancy has been less 0.5%, well below the estimated limit for acceptable tracking performance. However, higher machine backgrounds are expected at increased luminosity, and so also increased hit occupancy. To enhance the robustness of offline software in a high-background environment, new algorithms of background suppression using the excellent SVD hit-time information have been developed, which allows a significant reduction of the fake rate, while preserving the tracking efficiency.
With the increasing luminosity also the radiation levels are expected to increase, with possible deterioration of the sensor performance. The SVD integrated dose is estimated by the correlation of the SVD occupancy with the dose rate measured by the diamonds of the radiation monitor and beam-abort system.
The effects of radiation damage are starting and in good agreement with our expectations. So far, no harmful impact due to the radiation damage on the detector performance has been observed.
Beam background study for the Belle II Silicon Vertex Detector Tanigawa, H.; Adamczyk, K.; Aihara, H. ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
12/2020, Letnik:
982
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The Belle II experiment aims to accumulate 50ab−1 of e+e− collision data at the SuperKEKB asymmetric energy collider (Tsukuba, Japan). The first physics data using all Belle II detectors were taken ...in spring 2019.
In the vast physics program of the Belle II experiment, the vertex detector plays a crucial role for the determination of the B-meson decay vertices. It consists of two inner layers of pixelated silicon detectors and four outer layers of double-sided silicon strip detectors (SVD).
To achieve a design luminosity of 8×1035cm−2s−1, 40 times higher than the recorded luminosity of its predecessor, the SuperKEKB collider squeezes the beams to a vertical size of 50 nm (“nano-beam scheme”) and doubles the beam currents.
Therefore, the detectors are required to tolerate intense beam induced background due to the very high luminosity. During the 2019 spring run we measured the occupancy rate in the SVD to estimate the level of the beam induced background. With the low initial luminosity, the observed beam induced background mostly originated from Touschek processes and beam-gas scattering within individual beams. Since these different background contributions depend differently on accelerator conditions, such as the beam current, beam size and pressure, they can be disentangled. We estimate the background rate of each contribution and compare them with simulated ones. The results enable us to predict the background levels at increased beam currents and luminosity in the coming years. They also hint at background mitigation measures for running at higher luminosity. In this proceeding we present the results of our study of the beam induced background in the SVD and the prospects for future operation.
Vertex locator (VELO) is a silicon microstrip detector situated around the interaction point in the large Hadron Collider beauty (LHCb) spectrometer at the Large Hadron Collider. The LHCb experiment ...is dedicated to studying charge conjugation and parity symmetry violation in the heavy flavor sector and rare decays of B mesons. The precise reconstruction of both the primary and secondary vertices, obtained by the VELO, is crucial in the selection of signal events containing b and c quarks and lifetime measurements. VELO consists of two retractable parts that operate at 8 mm from the interaction region. Its proximity to proton beams makes the LHCb VELO a place for studying radiation damage effects in silicon detectors in proton-proton and heavy-ion collisions. The latest results from radiation damage studies and their impact on the operation of the LHCb VELO after the first data-taking period (Run I) and the ongoing Run II are presented in this paper. The main macroscopic parameters, influenced by particle fluence, are described along with selected methods of their monitoring. All the results show that VELO sustains the impact of high fluence of radiation, and its performance will not change significantly until the end of Run II.
A measurement is reported of the ratio of branching fractions R(J/ψ)=B(B_{c}^{+}→J/ψτ^{+}ν_{τ})/B(B_{c}^{+}→J/ψμ^{+}ν_{μ}), where the τ^{+} lepton is identified in the decay mode ...τ^{+}→μ^{+}ν_{μ}νover ¯_{τ}. This analysis uses a sample of proton-proton collision data corresponding to 3.0 fb^{-1} of integrated luminosity recorded with the LHCb experiment at center-of-mass energies of 7 and 8 TeV. A signal is found for the decay B_{c}^{+}→J/ψτ^{+}ν_{τ} at a significance of 3 standard deviations corrected for systematic uncertainty, and the ratio of the branching fractions is measured to be R(J/ψ)=0.71±0.17(stat)±0.18(syst). This result lies within 2 standard deviations above the range of central values currently predicted by the standard model.
A search for charge-parity (CP) violation in D^{0}→K^{-}K^{+} and D^{0}→π^{-}π^{+} decays is reported, using pp collision data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 5.9 fb^{-1} collected at a ...center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV with the LHCb detector. The flavor of the charm meson is inferred from the charge of the pion in D^{*}(2010)^{+}→D^{0}π^{+} decays or from the charge of the muon in Bover ¯→D^{0}μ^{-}νover ¯_{μ}X decays. The difference between the CP asymmetries in D^{0}→K^{-}K^{+} and D^{0}→π^{-}π^{+} decays is measured to be ΔA_{CP}=-18.2±3.2(stat)±0.9(syst)×10^{-4} for π-tagged and ΔA_{CP}=-9±8(stat)±5(syst)×10^{-4} for μ-tagged D^{0} mesons. Combining these with previous LHCb results leads to ΔA_{CP}=(-15.4±2.9)×10^{-4}, where the uncertainty includes both statistical and systematic contributions. The measured value differs from zero by more than 5 standard deviations. This is the first observation of CP violation in the decay of charm hadrons.
Searches are performed for both promptlike and long-lived dark photons, A^{'}, produced in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. These searches look for A^{'}→μ^{+}μ^{-} ...decays using a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 5.5 fb^{-1} collected with the LHCb detector. Neither search finds evidence for a signal, and 90% confidence-level exclusion limits are placed on the γ-A^{'} kinetic mixing strength. The promptlike A^{'} search explores the mass region from near the dimuon threshold up to 70 GeV and places the most stringent constraints to date on dark photons with 214<m(A^{'})≲740 MeV and 10.6<m(A^{'})≲30 GeV. The search for long-lived A^{'}→μ^{+}μ^{-} decays places world-leading constraints on low-mass dark photons with lifetimes O(1) ps.
Searches are performed for both promptlike and long-lived dark photons, A^{'}, produced in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, using A^{'}→μ^{+}μ^{-} decays and a data ...sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1.6 fb^{-1} collected with the LHCb detector. The promptlike A^{'} search covers the mass range from near the dimuon threshold up to 70 GeV, while the long-lived A^{'} search is restricted to the low-mass region 214<m(A^{'})<350 MeV. No evidence for a signal is found, and 90% confidence level exclusion limits are placed on the γ-A^{'} kinetic-mixing strength. The constraints placed on promptlike dark photons are the most stringent to date for the mass range 10.6<m(A^{'})<70 GeV, and are comparable to the best existing limits for m(A^{'})<0.5 GeV. The search for long-lived dark photons is the first to achieve sensitivity using a displaced-vertex signature.
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