Single seismometer structure
Because of the lack of direct seismic observations, the interior structure of Mars has been a mystery. Khan
et al.
, Knapmeyer-Endrun
et al.
, and Stähler
et al.
used ...recently detected marsquakes from the seismometer deployed during the InSight mission to map the interior of Mars (see the Perspective by Cottaar and Koelemeijer). Mars likely has a 24- to 72-kilometer-thick crust with a very deep lithosphere close to 500 kilometers. Similar to the Earth, a low-velocity layer probably exists beneath the lithosphere. The crust of Mars is likely highly enriched in radioactive elements that help to heat this layer at the expense of the interior. The core of Mars is liquid and large, ∼1830 kilometers, which means that the mantle has only one rocky layer rather than two like the Earth has. These results provide a preliminary structure of Mars that helps to constrain the different theories explaining the chemistry and internal dynamics of the planet.
Science
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434
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438
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see also abj8914, p.
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Data from the InSight mission on Mars help constrain the structure and properties of the martian interior.
For 2 years, the InSight lander has been recording seismic data on Mars that are vital to constrain the structure and thermochemical state of the planet. We used observations of direct (
P
and
S
) and surface-reflected (
PP
,
PPP
,
SS
, and
SSS
) body-wave phases from eight low-frequency marsquakes to constrain the interior structure to a depth of 800 kilometers. We found a structure compatible with a low-velocity zone associated with a thermal lithosphere much thicker than on Earth that is possibly related to a weak
S
-wave shadow zone at teleseismic distances. By combining the seismic constraints with geodynamic models, we predict that, relative to the primitive mantle, the crust is more enriched in heat-producing elements by a factor of 13 to 20. This enrichment is greater than suggested by gamma-ray surface mapping and has a moderate-to-elevated surface heat flow.
Air-liquid organotypic culture models enable the study of the cellular crosstalk in the tumor microenvironment. This 3D assay recapitulates the tumor niche more faithfully than 2D culture systems and ...represents a versatile platform that can be easily adapted to different types of cancer cells, stromal components, or ECM composition. Here, we detail the steps to build an organotypic culture including the preparation of the organotypic structure, organotypic gels, cell seeding, gel casting, membrane processing, and image and data analysis.
For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Linares et al. (2022).
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•3D-organotypic cultures mimic tissue architecture in vitro•Air-liquid organotypic assays are useful to study the tumor microenvironment•Steps to build an air-liquid culture and guidelines for data analysis•Flexible and robust 3D-coculture protocol to investigate cellular crosstalk
Publisher’s note: Undertaking any experimental protocol requires adherence to local institutional guidelines for laboratory safety and ethics.
Air-liquid organotypic culture models enable the study of the cellular crosstalk in the tumor microenvironment. This 3D assay recapitulates the tumor niche more faithfully than 2D culture systems and represents a versatile platform that can be easily adapted to different types of cancer cells, stromal components, or ECM composition. Here, we detail the steps to build an organotypic culture including the preparation of the organotypic structure, organotypic gels, cell seeding, gel casting, membrane processing, and image and data analysis.
Global aspirations for more sustainable development and governmental agreements at the international level have incentivized the tequila industry, an important producer of beverages in Mexico, to ...look for greener production schemes. The main by-product, agave bagasse, generated during production has not been handled properly up to now, even though it could be a low-cost resource to cover energy requirements in facility. In this context, this study aims to reduce this waste product in a process combination of steam explosion and anaerobic digestion to find a more sustainable solution for agave bagasse management. At the laboratory scale, it is demonstrated that the steam explosion pretreatment can accelerate hydrolysis of agave bagasse; however, the methane yield of 235 mL
N
g
VS
−1
for the steam-exploded substrate was only 11% higher than that of the bioconversion of the untreated lignocellulosic material. The process combination proposed in this study is able to concentrate 49% of the original energy content in the biogas.
Cervical artery dissections (CAD) are the leading cause of ischemic stroke (CVA) in young people. The risk factors for stroke and the temporal relationship with CAD are not well characterized. Nor do ...we have a clinical-radiological classification that allows knowing the risk of stroke.INTRODUCTIONCervical artery dissections (CAD) are the leading cause of ischemic stroke (CVA) in young people. The risk factors for stroke and the temporal relationship with CAD are not well characterized. Nor do we have a clinical-radiological classification that allows knowing the risk of stroke.To describe the associated factors and temporality of ACVi in patients with CAD.OBJECTIVETo describe the associated factors and temporality of ACVi in patients with CAD.We performed a prospective study that included patients over 18 years of age, hospitalized for carotid and/or vertebral CAD between August 2009 and June 2017. CAD cases were diagnosed clinically and radiologically; ACVi was diagnosed when the imaging study demonstrated infarction. The Borgess Classification was used to characterize the CAD radiologically. For correlation studies, we used univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses.METHODSWe performed a prospective study that included patients over 18 years of age, hospitalized for carotid and/or vertebral CAD between August 2009 and June 2017. CAD cases were diagnosed clinically and radiologically; ACVi was diagnosed when the imaging study demonstrated infarction. The Borgess Classification was used to characterize the CAD radiologically. For correlation studies, we used univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses.We analyzed 163 patients with 182 CAD (60% vertebral and 40% carotid). 28 of 68 patients (41.2%) simultaneously had symptoms of dissection and ischemia. 60 of 68 patients (88%) presented symptoms of ischemia during the first week. CAD: Borgess type IB (p = 0.001; OR: 4.1; CI: 1.8-9.3), male (p < 0.001; OR: 0.2; CI: 0.06- 0.8) were significantly associated with ischemic strokes and oral contraceptives (p = 0.02; OR: 0.2; CI: 0.06-0.8).RESULTSWe analyzed 163 patients with 182 CAD (60% vertebral and 40% carotid). 28 of 68 patients (41.2%) simultaneously had symptoms of dissection and ischemia. 60 of 68 patients (88%) presented symptoms of ischemia during the first week. CAD: Borgess type IB (p = 0.001; OR: 4.1; CI: 1.8-9.3), male (p < 0.001; OR: 0.2; CI: 0.06- 0.8) were significantly associated with ischemic strokes and oral contraceptives (p = 0.02; OR: 0.2; CI: 0.06-0.8).Stroke associated with CAD has a relatively low frequency. It is not related to the type of dissected artery. It mainly occurs not simultaneously with CAD and within the first week. The main associated factor for developing a stroke is arterial occlusion (Borgess type IB).1,8-9,3), male sex (p < 0.001; OR: 0.2; CI: 0.06-0.8) and oral contraceptives (p = 0.02; OR: 0.2; CI: 0.06-0.8).CONCLUSIONStroke associated with CAD has a relatively low frequency. It is not related to the type of dissected artery. It mainly occurs not simultaneously with CAD and within the first week. The main associated factor for developing a stroke is arterial occlusion (Borgess type IB).1,8-9,3), male sex (p < 0.001; OR: 0.2; CI: 0.06-0.8) and oral contraceptives (p = 0.02; OR: 0.2; CI: 0.06-0.8).
El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el hábito alimenticio de la ictiofauna del río Sauce Grande y analizar la superposición dietaria entre las especies. El estudio se llevó a cabo de enero a ...diciembre del 2000. Las pescas fueron efectuadas con frecuencia estacional, en tres estaciones de muestreo. Los métodos de captura empleados fueron pesca eléctrica y red de enmalle. En total se capturaron 656 individuos correspondientes a las siguientes especies: Bryconamericus iheringi, Cnesterodon decemmaculatus, Jenynsia multidentata, Cheirodon interruptus, Rhamdia quelen, Corydoras paleatus, Percichthys colhuapiensis, Oligosarcus jenynsii y Odontesthes bonariensis. De estas, P. colhuapiensis y O. bonariensis no pudieron ser incluidas en el estudio debido al bajo número de individuos registrados. La importancia de cada ítem alimentario para cada una de las especies fue estimada mediante la aplicación del índice alimentario (I.A.). Se analizaron 604 estómagos. El índice de vacuidad fue del 3%. Bryconamericus iheringi y J. multidentata fueron las únicas especies que presentaron una dieta omnívora, siendo las restantes calificadas como carnívoras. Bryconamericus iheringi, C. decemmaculatus, J. multidentata presentaron una superposición dietaria mayor al 66%. El ítem dominante fue la efemera Baetis inops. Una superposición dietaria moderada, entre 33 y 66% fue observada entre C. paleatus y B. iheringi, Ch. interruptus, C. decemmaculatus y J. multidentata. Las dos especies restantes con las demás especies presentaron solapamiento bajo con valores inferiores al 32%.
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Background: Increased signaling through mutational activation of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) contributes to tumor development and vascularization of urothelial ...carcinoma (UC). Dovitinib (TKI258), an oral investigational inhibitor of angiogenic factors including FGFR3, has demonstrated inhibition of tumor growth and proliferation in preclinical UC models with FGFR3-activating mutations or protein overexpression. Methods: Advanced UC patients (pts) with 1-3 prior regimens received dovitinib 500 mg/day on a 5-days-on/2-days-off schedule. Pts were stratified into 2 groups based on presence (mut) or absence (non-mut) of FGFR3 gene mutation in archival tissue (initially analyzed by SNaPshot; later by Sanger sequencing for screening and confirmation). The primary objective was overall response rate (ORR) in each group using a Simon’s 2-stage design (20 pts planned for stage 1 and 20 for stage 2 if ≥ 2 responses seen in stage 1). Results: A total of 44 pts (median age, 67 years) were treated in stage 1: 12 FGFR3 mut, 31 FGFR3 non-mut, and 1 unknown mutation status. Over-recruitment of non-mut pts was due to rapid enrollment of non-mut pts with invasive bladder tumors and some tumors initially classified as mut by SNaPshot but reclassified as non-mut after sequencing. Most pts (77%) had metastases in ≥ 2 organs. ORR (local review) was 0% in the FGFR3 mut group and 3% in the FGFR3 non-mut group (1 partial response). Median progression-free survival was 3 months in the FGFR3 mut group and 1.8 months in the FGFR3 non-mut group. There were insufficient non-mut responders to proceed to stage 2. Since most pts in the mut group did not receive > 6 months of treatment and meeting the response threshold to proceed to stage 2 was highly unlikely, the study was terminated. Common adverse events were diarrhea (73%), nausea (61%), and asthenia (50%) and were similar in both groups. Conclusions: Although there were difficulties in evaluating mutation status, dovitinib had limited single-agent activity in pts with advanced bladder cancer regardless of FGFR3 mutation status. Further studies are needed to understand the role of FGFR3 inhibition in advanced UC treatment. Clinical trial information: NCT00790426.
Knowing chemical soil properties might be determinant in crop management and total yield production. Traditional soil properties estimation approaches are time-consuming and require complex lab ...setups, refraining farmers from promptly taking steps towards optimal practices in their crops. Soil properties estimation from its spectral signals, vis-NIRS, emerged as a low-cost, non-invasive, and non-destructive alternative. Current approaches use mathematical and statistical techniques, avoiding machine learning frameworks. This proposal uses vis-NIRS in sugarcane soils and machine learning techniques such as three regression and six classification methods. The scope is to assess performance in predicting and inferring categories of common soil properties (pH, soil organic matter OM, Ca, Na, K, and Mg), evaluated by the most common metrics. We use regression to estimate properties and classification to assess soil property status. In both cases, we achieved comparable performance on similar setups reported in the literature for property estimation for pH(\(R^2\)=0.8, \(\rho\)=0.89), OM(\(R^2\)=0.37, \(\rho\)=0.63), Ca(\(R^2\)=0.54, \(\rho\)=0.74), Mg(\(R^2\)=0.44, \(\rho\)=0.66) in the validation set.
Threat-related amygdala reactivity and the activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis have been linked to negative psychiatric outcomes. The amygdala and HPA axis have bidirectional ...connections, suggesting that functional variation in one system may influence the other. However, research on the functional associations between these systems has demonstrated mixed findings, potentially due to small sample sizes and cortisol sampling and data analytic procedures that investigate only pre-post differences in cortisol rather than the specific phases of the cortisol stress response. Further, previous research has primarily utilized samples of adults of mostly European descent, limiting generalizability to those of other ethnoracial identities and ages. Therefore, studies addressing these limitations are needed in order to investigate the functional relations between amygdala reactivity to threat and HPA axis stress responsivity. Using a sample of 159 adolescents from a diverse cohort (75% African American, ages 15–17 years), the present study evaluated associations between amygdala reactivity during socioemotional processing using fMRI and HPA axis reactivity to a socially-evaluative cold pressor task. Greater amygdala activation to fearful and neutral faces was associated with greater cortisol peak values and steeper activation slope. As cortisol peak values and cortisol activation slope capture the intensity of the cortisol stress response, these data suggest that greater activation of the amygdala in response to social distress and ambiguity among adolescents may be related to hyper-reactivity of the HPA axis.
•Greater amygdala activation to fear associated with greater cortisol activation slope.•We found coupling of amygdala and HPA axis activation to threat in separate tasks.•Our findings are based on a highly diverse sample of adolescents.
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