Legume plants, such as peas, are of significant nutritional interest for both humans and animals. However, plant nutrition and thus, seed composition, depends on soil mineral nutrient availability. ...Understanding the impact of their deprivation on the plant mineral nutrient content, net uptake, and remobilization is of key importance but remains complex as the elements of the plant ionome are linked in intricate networks, one element deprivation impacting uptake and remobilization of other nutrients. To get a better insight into pea mineral nutrition, the transitory deprivations of 13 mineral nutrients were imposed during the vegetative growth phase. Thereafter, plants were grown under optimal mineral conditions until physiological maturity. Plant nutritional status and seed quality impacts caused by the deprivations were characterized using measurement of mineral nutrient concentration and plant biomass allocation. Our results highlight: (i) the preferential allocation of dry weight and elements to shoots at the expense of the roots under non-limiting conditions, and more particularly to the tendrils in comparison to the other shoot organs, (ii) the positive and/or negative impact of one mineral nutrient deprivation on other elements of the ionome, (iii) four different remobilization strategies for eight mineral nutrients, and (iv) possible strategies to improve seed quality
fine control of fertilization during a period of mineral nutrient deficiency.
Aims
A better understanding of how plant growth, N nutrition and symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) are influenced by soil inorganic N availability, for a wide range of legume species, is crucial to ...optimise legume productivity, N
2
fixation, while limiting environmental risks such as N leaching.
Methods
A comparative analysis was performed for ten legume crops, grown in a field experiment and supplied with four N fertiliser rates. Dry matter, N concentration and SNF were measured. In parallel, root elongation rates were studied in a greenhouse experiment.
Results
For most species, N fertilisation had little effect on plant growth and N accumulation. SNF was reduced by soil inorganic N available at sowing but with large differences in the magnitude of the response among species. The response varied according to plant N requirements for growth and plant ability to retrieve inorganic N. Accordingly, root lateral expansion rate measured in RhizoTubes was highly correlated with plant ability to retrieve inorganic N measured in the field experiment.
Conclusion
Combining SNF response to soil inorganic N, shoot N and plant ability to retrieve inorganic N, allowed a robust evaluation of differential response to soil inorganic N among a wide range of legume species.
Rhizodeposition is the export of organic compounds from plant roots to the soil. Carbon allocation towards rhizodeposition has to be balanced with allocation for other physiological functions, which ...depend on both newly assimilated and stored nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC). To test whether the exudation of primary metabolites scales with plant NSC status, we studied diurnal dynamics of NSC and amino acid (AA) pools and fluxes within the plant and the rhizosphere. These diurnal dynamics were measured in the field and under hydroponic‐controlled conditions. Further, C‐limiting treatments offered further insight into the regulation of rhizodeposition. The exudation of primary metabolites fluctuated diurnally. The diurnal dynamics of soluble sugars (SS) and AA concentrations in tissues coincided with exudate pool fluctuations in the rhizosphere. SS and AA pools in the rhizosphere increased with NSC and AA pools in the roots. C starvation treatments offset the balance of exudates: AA exudate content in the rhizosphere significantly decreased while SS exudate content remained stable. Our results suggest that rhizodeposition is to some extent controlled by plant C:N status. We propose that SS exudation is less controlled than AA exudation because N assimilation depends on controlled C supply while SS exudation relies to a greater extent on passive diffusion mechanisms.
Aims A better understanding of how plant growth, N nutrition and symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) are influenced by soil inorganic N availability, for a wide range of legume species, is crucial to ...optimise legume productivity, N2 fixation, while limiting environmental risks such as N leaching. Methods A comparative analysis was performed for ten legume crops, grown in a field experiment and supplied with four N fertiliser rates. Dry matter, N concentration and SNF were measured. In parallel, root elongation rates were studied in a greenhouse experiment. Results For most species, N fertilisation had little effect on plant growth and N accumulation. SNF was reduced by soil inorganic N available at sowing but with large differences in the magnitude of the response among species. The response varied according to plant N requirements for growth and plant ability to retrieve inorganic N. Accordingly, root lateral expansion rate measured in RhizoTubes was highly correlated with plant ability to retrieve inorganic N measured in the field experiment. Conclusion Combining SNF response to soil inorganic N, shoot N and plant ability to retrieve inorganic N, allowed a robust evaluation of differential response to soil inorganic N among a wide range of legume species.
Aims A better understanding of how plant growth, N nutrition and symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) are influenced by soil inorganic N availability, for a wide range of legume species, is crucial to ...optimise legume productivity, N.sub.2 fixation, while limiting environmental risks such as N leaching. Methods A comparative analysis was performed for ten legume crops, grown in a field experiment and supplied with four N fertiliser rates. Dry matter, N concentration and SNF were measured. In parallel, root elongation rates were studied in a greenhouse experiment. Results For most species, N fertilisation had little effect on plant growth and N accumulation. SNF was reduced by soil inorganic N available at sowing but with large differences in the magnitude of the response among species. The response varied according to plant N requirements for growth and plant ability to retrieve inorganic N. Accordingly, root lateral expansion rate measured in RhizoTubes was highly correlated with plant ability to retrieve inorganic N measured in the field experiment. Conclusion Combining SNF response to soil inorganic N, shoot N and plant ability to retrieve inorganic N, allowed a robust evaluation of differential response to soil inorganic N among a wide range of legume species.
Legumes should play a key role in the transition towards a more sustainable agriculture by allowing areduction of nitrogen inputs due to their specific properties relative to the nitrogen cycle. ...However, thereis a lack of references for a wide diversity of species regarding their agronomic performances and thenitrogen fluxes they induce. A comparative study on ten grain legumes was conducted to i) quantitysymbiotic nitrogen fixation, ii) evaluate its response to inorganic soil nitrogen, and iii) quantify the effectof legumes on the yield of the subsequent wheat (unfertilised) as related to the N mineralisation of theircrop residues. For nine species out of ten, symbiotic fixation was able to ensure plant growth andnitrogen acquisition at levels similar to those achieved by nutrition based on inorganic nitrogen.Differences in symbiotic fixation inhibition were observed and were partially explained by differences ininorganic nitrogen uptake efficiency among species. Those differences were related to differences inroot lateral expansion rate among species. The great majority of legumes led to higher wheat yieldscompared to those of wheat cultivated after cereals. Wheat yield variability was partially related todifferences in crop residue nitrogen mineralisation among species according to their carbon /nitrogen ratio. However, nitrogen supplied to the soil by legumes can be lost during the fallow period beforenitrogen is retrieved by the subsequent crop. This risk increases with legumes harvested in summer vs.beginning of autumn, because of a longer fallow period.
Les légumineuses ont un rôle majeur à jouer dans la transition vers une agriculture plus durable, en réduisant notamment le recours aux intrants azotés du fait de leurs propriétés spécifiques vis-à-vis du cycle de l’azote. Pourtant peu de références sont disponibles pour une diversité d’espèces quant à leurs performances agronomiques et aux flux d’azote qu’elles induisent. Une étude comparative sur dix espèces de légumineuses à graines a été menée afin i) de quantifier la fixation symbiotique, ii) d’évaluer sa réponse à la présence d’azote minéral du sol, et iii) de quantifier l’effet des légumineuses sur le rendement d’un blé suivant (non fertilisé) en lien avec la minéralisation de leurs résidus de culture. Pour neuf espèces sur dix la fixation symbiotique a permis d’assurer une croissance et une nutrition azotée des plantes aussi bonnes qu’avec une nutrition basée sur le prélèvement d’azote minéral. Des différences d’inhibition de la fixation symbiotique par l’azote minéral ont été mises en évidence et ont été partiellement expliquées par des différences d’efficience de prélèvement de l’azote minéral entre les espèces. Ces différences ont été corrélées à des différences de vitesse d’expansion latérale des racines entre les espèces. La grande majorité des légumineuses a engendré des rendements de blé supérieurs à ceux de blés cultivés après des céréales. La variabilité des rendements du blé a en partie pu être reliée à la minéralisation de l’azote des résidus, variable entre espèces selon leur rapport carbone / azote. Cependant l’azote fourni au sol par les légumineuses peut être perdu pendant la période d’interculture, avant que cet azote ne soit prélevé par la culture suivante. Ce risque augmente pour les espèces de légumineuses récoltées en été contrairement au début automne, du fait d’une interculture plus longue. Abstract: Symbiotic nitrogen fixation and pre-crop effect : are all grain legumes the same? Legumes should play a key role in the transition towards a more sustainable agriculture by allowing a reduction of nitrogen inputs due to their specific properties relative to the nitrogen cycle. However, there is a lack of references for a wide diversity of species regarding their agronomic performances and the nitrogen fluxes they induce. A comparative study on ten grain legumes was conducted to i) quantity symbiotic nitrogen fixation, ii) evaluate its response to inorganic soil nitrogen, and iii) quantify the effect of legumes on the yield of the subsequent wheat (unfertilised) as related to the N mineralisation of their crop residues. For nine species out of ten, symbiotic fixation was able to ensure plant growth and nitrogen acquisition at levels similar to those achieved by nutrition based on inorganic nitrogen. Differences in symbiotic fixation inhibition were observed and were partially explained by differences in inorganic nitrogen uptake efficiency among species. Those differences were related to differences in root lateral expansion rate among species. The great majority of legumes led to higher wheat yields compared to those of wheat cultivated after cereals. Wheat yield variability was partially related to differences in crop residue nitrogen mineralisation among species according to their carbon /nitrogen
C3 glomerulopathy (C3GN) and atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) are 2 distinct rare kidney diseases caused by dysregulation of the alternative complement pathway. Patients with C3GN and ...concurrent kidney lesions of thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) have been rarely reported. We characterized the clinical features and underlying immunological abnormalities in these patients.
Case series.
Patients with C3GN and concomitant TMA lesions on biopsy registered from 2009 to 2019 in the French National Registry of C3GN.
Among 278 registered patients with C3GN, 16 (6%) had biopsy-proven glomerular and/or vascular TMA lesions. Their median age at diagnosis was 39 years (range, 7-76), and 59% were female. Fourteen of the 16 patients (88%) had an estimated glomerular filtration rate of<30mL/min/1.73m2 and 3 of 16 (19%) required dialysis. Twelve of the 14 evaluated patients (86%) showed evidence of mechanical hemolysis. Fifty percent of the patients had low C3 levels. Six of the 14 evaluated patients had a rare variant in complement genes, and 4 of the 16 patients (25%) had monoclonal gammopathy. Among the 16 patients, 10 (63%) received eculizumab, 5 (31%) received immunosuppressive therapy, and 4 (25%) received clone-targeted chemotherapy. Median kidney survival was 49 months.
Small retrospective case series with a limited number of biopsies including electron microscopy.
Concomitant C3GN and TMA is extremely rare and is associated with poor kidney outcomes. Genetic or acquired abnormalities of the alternative complement pathway are common as is the presence of monoclonal gammopathy, which may inform the selection of treatment approaches.
Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) is a disease of complement dysregulation. In approximately 50% of patients, mutations have been described in the genes encoding the complement regulators ...factor H, MCP, and factor I or the activator factor B. We report here mutations in the central component of the complement cascade, C3, in association with aHUS. We describe 9 novel C3 mutations in 14 aHUS patients with a persistently low serum C3 level. We have demonstrated that 5 of these mutations are gain-of-function and 2 are inactivating. This establishes C3 as a susceptibility factor for aHUS.
The Faraday instability appears on liquid baths submitted to vertical oscillations above a critical value. The pattern of standing ripples at half the vibrating frequency that results from this ...parametric forcing is usually shaped by the boundary conditions imposed by the enclosing receptacle. Here, we show that the time modulation of the medium involved in the Faraday instability can act as a phase-conjugate mirror—a fact which is hidden in the extensively studied case of the boundary-driven regime. We first demonstrate the complete analogy with the equations governing its optical counterpart. We then use water baths combining shallow and deep areas of arbitrary shapes to spatially localize the Faraday instability.We give experimental evidence of the ability of the Faraday instability to generate counterpropagating phase-conjugated waves for any propagating signal wave. The canonical geometries of a point and plane source are implemented. We also verify that Faraday-based phase-conjugate mirrors hold the genuine property of being shape independent. These results show that a periodic modulation of the effective gravity can perform time-reversal operations on mono-chromatic propagating water waves, with a remarkable efficiency compared with wave manipulation in other fields of physics.
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