The sudden emergence of COVID-19 has led to the confinement of people in homes around the world. In Croatia as well, people were in self-isolation and stayed at home. Since confinement conditions may ...greatly affect physical and mental health, we investigated the scope of physical activity (PA), well-being and quality of life. A total of 580 adults were surveyed online about PA and health-related quality of life during the lockdown in Croatia. The results have shown that men are more involved in vigorous-intensity PA and have better physical and mental health in almost all domains. When comparing respondents regarding categories of PA, participants with high levels of PA function better physically, have fewer role limitations due to emotional problems and have higher levels of emotional well-being, vitality, and general health. Males, participants with lower BMI, fewer role limitations due to emotional problems, greater vitality and better social functioning have better physical health. Participants who consider that their PA is adequate and engage more in PA, who have fewer role limitations due to physical health, less physical pain, and better general health have better mental health. The results provide insights into the physical and mental components of health during the pandemic. This supports the premise that physical and mental health are highly dependent, and that there is a need to promote the importance of PA, especially for women and those who are less physically active in pandemic times.
Cilj je istraživanja provjeriti povezanost učestalosti uporabe različitih medija (gledanje televizije, igranje računalnih igrica i korištenje interneta) s aspektima kognitivnog (školski uspjeh) i ...socijalno-emocionalnog razvoja (impulzivnost, afektivna empatija, broj prijatelja i vršnjačka prihvaćenost). Također, htjeli su se provjeriti moderatorski efekti roditeljskog prisustva i društva prijatelja na navedene povezanosti. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 880 učenika od petog do osmog razreda. Podaci o impulzivnosti, afektivnoj empatiji i izloženosti medijima prikupljeni su samoprocjenama. Učenici su dali još podatke o broju najboljih prijatelja, osjećaju prihvaćenosti i školskom uspjehu.
Povezanosti učestalosti korištenja različitih medija i aspekata kognitivnog i socijalno-emocionalnog razvoja uglavnom su niske. Najistaknutije su negativne povezanosti s afektivnom empatijom, i to osobito vrijeme provedeno igrajući igrice, te pozitivna povezanost s impulzivnošću, posebice s korištenjem interneta. Nešto je manja povezanost učestalosti korištenja medija s brojem prijatelja i vršnjačkom prihvaćenosti, dok je učestalost gledanja televizije blago negativno povezana sa školskim uspjehom.
Testirani su i moderacijski efekti socijalnog konteksta na povezanosti učestalosti korištenja medija i aspekata razvoja. Dobiveni su efekti vrlo mali i uglavnom vezani za odnos gledanja televizije i školskog uspjeha te učestalosti igranja računalnih igrica i odnosa s vršnjacima. Dobivena je negativna povezanost vremena gledanja televizije i školskog uspjeha samo kod onih koji to čine u društvu (roditelja i prijatelja), dok kod onih koji gledaju sami nije značajno različita od nule. Isto tako, pozitivan odnos vremena provedenog igrajući videoigrice i broja prijatelja nešto je manji kod onih koji to čine u društvu prijatelja te su blago pozitivni efekti učestalosti igranja igrica na vršnjačku prihvaćenost kod onih koji igraju sami, dok su blago negativni kod onih koji igraju u društvu roditelja. Svi efekti socijalnog konteksta i korištenja medija na aspekte razvoja djece vrlo su slabog intenziteta, a interpretirani su okviru Modela različite podložnosti utjecaju medija (DSMM; Valkenburg i Peter, 2013).
The aim of the study was to verify the relationship between the frequency of using different media (watching TV, playing computer games and browsing the Internet) with aspects of cognitive (academic achievement) and social-emotional development (impulsiveness, affective empathy, the number of friends and peer acceptance). The present study also investigated the moderating effects of the parental and peers presence on these relationships. Students from fifth to eighth grade (N=880) completed the questionnaires about the impulsiveness, affective empathy and exposure to media. Students also gave information about the number of best friends, feeling of peer acceptance and academic achievement.
The results show low correlations between the frequency of using different media and aspects of cognitive and social-emotional development. Negative correlations with affective empathy, especially time spent playing computer games, and positive correlations with impulsivity, especially with Internet use, are most prominent. Correlations between the frequency of using media and number of friends and peer acceptance are somewhat weaker, while there is a mild negative correlation between time spent watching television and academic achievement.
The moderating effects of the social context on the correlation of the frequency of media use and aspects of development have been tested. The results show very small effects and they are mainly related to the relationship between watching television and academic achievement, and the frequency of playing computer games and relationship with peers.
There is a negative correlation between time spent watching TV and academic achievement, but only for those children who do so in the company (parents and friends) while for those who are watching TV alone the correlation doesn't significantly differ from zero. Likewise, the obtained positive correlation between the time spent playing computer games and the number of friends is somewhat smaller for those who do it in the company of friends and there are slightly positive effects of the frequency of playing computer games on peer acceptance for those who play alone, while the mildly negative effects are obtained for those who play with parents. All the effects of the social context and the use of media on the aspects of child development are of very low intensity and they are interpreted in accordance with the Differential Susceptibility to Media effects Model (DSMM; Valkenburg & Peter, 2013).
El objetivo del trabajo fue verificar la conexión entre la frecuencia en el uso de diferentes medios de comunicación (ver la televisión, jugar a los vídeo juegos y navegar por internet) y los aspectos del desarrollo cognitivo (rendimiento escolar) y socio-emocional (impulsividad, empatía afectiva, número de amigos y aceptación entre coetáneos). Además, querían comprobarse los efectos moderadores de la presencia parental y compañía de amigos sobre dichas conexiones. En la investigación participaron 880 alumnos de la quinta a la octava clase. Los datos sobre la impulsividad, empatía afectiva y exposición a los medios de comunicación se obtuvieron a través de las autoevaluaciones. Los alumnos proporcionaron también datos sobre el número de amigos íntimos, sentimiento de la aceptación y rendimiento escolar.
La conexión entre la frecuencia en el uso de diferentes medios de comunicación y los aspectos del desarrollo cognitivo y socio-emocional en general es baja. Las más destacadas son las conexiones negativas con empatía afectiva, especialmente el tiempo usado para jugar a los vídeo juegos, tanto como conexión positiva con la impulsividad, en primer lugar, navegar por internet. En un grado menor se nota la conexión entre la frecuencia en el uso de diferentes medios de comunicación y el número de amigos y la aceptación entre coetáneos, mientras que la frecuencia en ver la televisión está un poco negativamente relacionada con el rendimiento escolar.
Se han evaluado también los efectos mediadores del contexto social sobre la conexión entre la frecuencia en el uso de los medios de comunicación y los aspectos de desarrollo. Efectos obtenidos son muy débiles y en mayor medida relacionados con el uso de la televisión y el rendimiento escolar, o con la frecuencia en jugar los vídeo juegos y la relación con los coetáneos. Se ha obtenido una conexión negativa entre el tiempo usado para ver la televisión y el rendimiento escolar sólo en aquellos que lo hacen en compañía (de padres y amigos), mientras que en aquellos que lo hacen solos no es significativamente diferente de cero. Además, la conexión positiva entre el tiempo usado para jugar a los vídeo juegos y el número de amigos es un poco menor en aquellos que lo hacen en compañía de amigos y los efectos de la frecuencia en jugar a los vídeo juegos sobre la aceptación entre coetáneos son ligeramente positivos en aquellos que lo hacen solos, mientras que son ligeramente negativos en aquellos que juegan en compañía de los padres. Todos los efectos del contexto social y el uso de los medios de comunicación sobre los aspectos del desarrollo de los niños son de una intensidad muy débil, y se han interpretado dentro del Modelo de la susceptibilidad diferente a la influencia de los medios de comunicación (DSMM; Valkenburg y Peter, 2013).
The incidence of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is steadily increasing worldwide. Therefore, it is crucial to develop efficient rehabilitation protocols and investigate the innovations in medical ...technology, which could improve rehabilitation outcomes. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of adding electromyographic biofeedback (EMG-BF) to the conventional program of rehabilitation after TKA on quality of life, intensity of pain, and functional performance. The study was designed as a randomized controlled trial. A total of 131 patients were randomly assigned to two groups: an experimental group (n = 67; median age 70 (IQR 10)), and a control group (n = 64; median age 69 (IQR 9)). Both groups participated in an inpatient program of 21 days of rehabilitation, including land-based and aquatic exercise therapy, electrotherapy, and education. In the experimental group, a portion of land-based exercise therapy was supplemented by EMG-BF. A numeric rating scale (NRS), Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), use of mobility aids, 30 s chair stand test (CST), and timed up and go (TUG) test were used to measure outcomes. Both groups improved their functional abilities from day 1 to day 21 of rehabilitation. A higher proportion of participants did not use a walking aid (p < 0.002), and their NRS, KOOS, 30 s CST and TUG scores improved (p < 0.001). There were no significant differences between the groups in the outcomes. EMG-BF did not provide additional benefits to the conventional rehabilitation after TKA.
This paper explores the effects of gender and affective and cognitive empathy on cyberviolence in youth. Data were available from 396 adolescents (202 51% females), aged 12to 19 years, who completed ...questionnaires for empathy and cyber-violence. Analyses (2x2x2;committing and experiencing cyber-violence as dependent variables) showed that participants with a low level of empathy (either affective or cognitive) commit more, while those with a low level of cognitive empathy experience more cyber-violence. Males with a low level of empathy committed more cyber-violence than the other three groups (male with high level of empathy and female participants with both high and low level of empathy). The results indicate that both types of empathy may be protective factors from committing cyber-violence, with a higher level of cognitive empathy being connected with a lower level of experiencing cyber-violence. This paper explores the effects of gender and affective and cognitive empathy on cyberviolence in youth. Data were available from 396 adolescents (202 51% females), aged 12to 19 years, who completed questionnaires for empathy and cyber-violence. Analyses (2x2x2; committing and experiencing cyber-violence as dependent variables) showed that participants with a low level of empathy (either affective or cognitive) commit more, while those with a low level of cognitive empathy experience more cyber-violence. Males with a low level of empathy committed more cyber-violence than the other three groups (male with high level of empathy and female participants with both high and low level of empathy). The results indicate that both types of empathy may be protective factors from committing cyber-violence, with a higher level of cognitive empathy being connected with a lower level of experiencing cyber-violence.
Research into the quality of people's lives is a current issue addressed by a large number of researchers. Subjective measures indicate differences in real living conditions. The well-being of people ...is examined within the eudaimonic and hedonistic approach. As a part of the hedonistic approach, life satisfaction is largely examined. The hedonistic approach refers to social and psychological well-being. In this study, we investigated both approaches to examine the overall well-being of students. The participants' general satisfaction with life is very high. The survey of life satisfaction in certain domains shows that students are most satisfied in the domains of personal relationships, community and personal safety. The well-being of the participants is high. Participants exhibit high levels of emotional and psychological well-being, which are related to eudaimonia. Full-time students are more satisfied with life and have higher levels of subjective well-being than part-time students. No differences in eudaimonic well-being were found.
The extraction of amplifiable DNA is a crucial step for genetic analysis of farm animals. The aim of present study was to determine the quality and the quantity of DNA extracted from blood, milk, ...hair and tissue in cattle. It has been shown that milk and hair samples can be used as a reliable source for obtaining good quality and quantity of DNA ready for the next generation sequencing (NGS). Commercially available kit, with several modifications, was included in the evaluation. Raw milk or milk somatic cell pellet storage under -80 degreesC or -20 degreesC has shown to be a reliable procedure for preservation when large number of milk samples were collected at once. The quality (purity) and the quantity of extracted DNA were measured using a nanophotometer. The adequacy of the DNA extract was assessed by estimating average read depth of all captured bases of whole NGS mitogenome sequences. Although DNA extracted from different types of samples was suitable for NGS analysis, hair samples showed the largest variation of DNA quantity, low purity and DNA integrity. Non-invasive sampling methods such as milk and hair collection can be used for dairy cattle while sampling from free-range requires handling, capturing and caution. Milk and hair can be used for obtaining optimal DNA concentrations for NGS analysis.
Obligatory exercise in young adults Duvnjak, Ivana; Cvenić, Josip; Šklempe Kokić, Iva
Medica Jadertina,
08/2022, Letnik:
52, Številka:
2
Journal Article, Paper
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Introduction: Physical activity and exercise have numerous physical and psychological benefits. However, some individuals persevere in exercise despite the various problems it causes – physical, ...emotional, social and psychological. Aim: The present study aimed to explore the effects of gender, group of exercisers and supplements on the occurrence of obligatory exercise in young adults. Another aim was to explore and present psychometric characteristics and factor structure of the Croatian version of The Obligatory Exercise Questionnaire (OEQ). Methods: The study included 124 kinesiology students and 109 recreational exercisers (107 males and 126 females) in early adulthood engaged in some kind of physical activity. The participants provided information about sociodemographic characteristics and completed The Obligatory Exercise Questionnaire. Results: Analysis of the factor structure of the Obligatory Exercise Questionnaire revealed three factors: exercise frequency and commitment, exercise preoccupation and intensity, and exercise emotionality. Obtained findings correspond to the previous modified and reduced versions of the instrument. The results of the research indicate that male participants and kinesiology students exercise more often and are more committed than females and recreational exercisers. Participants using vitamin and nutritional supplements exercise more often, are more committed and more preoccupied and exercise more intensely than those who are not using any supplements. Likewise, male students using vitamin and nutritional supplements show the highest levels of exercise emotionality. Conclusion: The results suggest that the male gender, kinesiology students, and those who use the supplements may be riskier for obligatory exercise development.
Uvod: Redovita tjelovježba i vježbanje omogućuju ljudima fizičku i psihološku dobrobit. No dio ljudi ustraje u vježbanju i više no što je to preporučeno, te u situacijama kada vježbanje dovodi do različitih tjelesnih, emocionalnih, socijalnim i psiholoških problema. Cilj: Cilj ovoga istraživanja bio je ispitati učinak spola, skupine vježbača i dodataka na pojavu ovisnosti o vježbanju kod mladih odraslih ljudi. Također se željela provjeriti faktorska struktura i prikazati psihometrijske karakteristike Upitnika ovisnosti o vježbanju. Metode: U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 124 studenta kineziologije i 109 rekreativaca (107 muških i 126 ženskih sudionika) u ranoj odrasloj dobi koji su uključeni u neki oblik tjelesne aktivnosti. Sudionici su dali sociodemografske podatke i ispunili Upitnik ovisnosti o vježbanju. Rezultati: Analizom varijance potvrđena je trofaktorska struktura Upitnika ovisnosti o vježbanju: učestalost i posvećenost vježbanju, usredotočenost i intenzitet vježbanja i emocionalnost povezana s vježbanjem. Dobiveni nalazi u skladu su s prethodnim modificiranim i skraćenim verzijama upitnika. Rezultati istraživanja ukazuju na to da muški sudionici i studenti kineziologije vježbaju češće i da su posvećeniji vježbanju, nego ženski sudionici i rekreativci. Sudionici koji koriste vitaminske i prehrambene dodatke češće vježbaju, posvećeniji su i usredotočeniji na vježbanje, te intenzivnije vježbaju nego sudionici koji ne koriste dodatke. Nadalje, muški studenti koji koriste vitaminske i prehrambene dodatke iskazuju najviše razine emocionalnosti povezane s vježbanjem. Zaključak: Dobiveni rezultati upućuju na to da su muškarci, studenti kineziologije i oni koji koriste dodatke, rizičniji za razvoj ovisnosti o vježbanju.
Cilj je istraživanja provjeriti povezanost učestalosti uporabe različitih medija (gledanje televizije, igranje računalnih igrica i korištenje interneta) s aspektima kognitivnog (školski uspjeh) i ...socijalno-emocionalnog razvoja (impulzivnost, afektivna empatija, broj prijatelja i vršnjačka prihvaćenost). Također, htjeli su se provjeriti moderatorski efekti roditeljskog prisustva i društva prijatelja na navedene povezanosti. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 880 učenika od petog do osmog razreda. Podaci o impulzivnosti, afektivnoj empatiji i izloženosti medijima prikupljeni su samoprocjenama. Učenici su dali još podatke o broju najboljih prijatelja, osjećaju prihvaćenosti i školskom uspjehu. Povezanosti učestalosti korištenja različitih medija i aspekata kognitivnog i socijalnoemocionalnog razvoja uglavnom su niske. Najistaknutije su negativne povezanosti s afektivnom empatijom, i to osobito vrijeme provedeno igrajući igrice, te pozitivna povezanost s impulzivnošću, posebice s korištenjem interneta. Nešto je manja povezanost učestalosti korištenja medija s brojem prijatelja i vršnjačkom prihvaćenosti, dok je učestalost gledanja televizije blago negativno povezana sa školskim uspjehom. Testirani su i moderacijski efekti socijalnog konteksta na povezanosti učestalosti korištenja medija i aspekata razvoja. Dobiveni su efekti vrlo mali i uglavnom vezani za odnos gledanja televizije i školskog uspjeha te učestalosti igranja računalnih igrica i odnosa s vršnjacima. Dobivena je negativna povezanost vremena gledanja televizije i školskog uspjeha samo kod onih koji to čine u društvu (roditelja i prijatelja), dok kod onih koji gledaju sami nije značajno različita od nule. Isto tako, pozitivan odnos vremena provedenog igrajući videoigrice i broja prijatelja nešto je manji kod onih koji to čine u društvu prijatelja te su blago pozitivni efekti učestalosti igranja igrica na vršnjačku prihvaćenost kod onih koji igraju sami, dok su blago negativni kod onih koji igraju u društvu roditelja. Svi efekti socijalnog konteksta i korištenja medija na aspekte razvoja djece vrlo su slabog intenziteta, a interpretirani su okviru Modela različite podložnosti utjecaju medija (DSMM; Valkenburg i Peter, 2013).
Adolescenti mogu imati različite uloge u nasilju putem interneta, a najčešća podjela je na žrtve, nasilnike, nasilnike/ žrtve i pojedince neuključene u nasilje. Neke od posljedica za ove skupine su ...jednake, no postoje psihološke posljedice koje su specifične za pojedinu ulogu koju pojedinac ima u nasilju preko interneta. Relevantni nalazi pokazuju kako se depresivni simptomi i nisko samopoštovanje pojavljuju i kod žrtvi i kod nasilnika, dok se stres pojavljuje jedino kod žrtvi. Budući da skupina nasilnika/žrtvi iskazuje obje vrste uloga u nasilju preko interneta, pretpostavlja se kako je to skupina s najviše negativnih posljedica i najlošijim obrazovnim uspjehom. U ovom istraživanju, uspoređeni su adolescenti koji imaju različite uloge u nasilju preko interneta s obzirom na različite psihološke posljedice (depresivni simptomi, stres, anksioznost i samopoštovanje), sate provedene na internetu i obrazovni uspjeh. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo ukupno 1,176 sudionika koji su podijeljeni u skupine žrtvi, nasilnika, nasilnika/ žrtvi i skupinu pojedinaca koji nisu uključeni u nasilje. Skupina nasilnika/žrtvi razlikuje se u svim mjerenim varijablama od skupine koja nije uključena u nasilje putem interneta i ima više negativnih posljedica, što je potvrda nalazima o tome kako ova skupina doživljava najviše negativnih posljedica, uz skupinu žrtvi. Nasilnici jedino pokazuju više razine stresa i imaju slabije ocjene nego skupina koja nije uključena u nasilje putem interneta, što upućuje na manje posljedice činjenja nego doživljavanja nasilja putem interneta. Dobiveni rezultati pružaju uvid u doživljene psihološke posljedice, ukazujući da su nasilnici/žrtve skupina koja bi trebala biti uključena u selektivne ili čak indicirane preventivne programe usmjerene na smanjivanje uključenosti u nasilje putem interneta, kao i posljedica, osobito depresivnosti, anksioznosti i stresa. Indicirani preventivni programi trebali bi biti prilagođeni ovoj skupini, na primjer raditi na nedostatku osjećaja krivnje i promicanju empatije za žrtve te smanjenju pozitivnih posljedica (npr. postizanje socijalnog statusa na temelju nasilja).
Adolescents can take different roles in cyber-violence, and one of the most common classifications recognises victims, perpetrators, perpetrators/victims and uninvolved individuals. These groups experience some common outcomes, but there are also psychological outcomes that are specific to a particular role. In the relevant literature, depressive symptoms and low self-esteem are found as common outcomes for both victims and perpetrators, while distress is related only to being a victim. Since perpetrators/victims display both types of roles in cyber-violence, they are assumed to be the group with the most negative outcomes, the group that per se experiences lower academic achievement. In the present research, youths with different roles in cyber-violence were compared regarding various psychological outcomes (depressive symptoms, stress, anxiety and self-esteem), hours spent on the Internet and academic achievement. In total, 1,176 participants were divided into groups of victims, perpetrators, perpetrators/victims and uninvolved individuals. Perpetrators/victims differed in all variables from uninvolved individuals and had more negative results, supporting the claim that they constitute the group with the most negative outcomes, followed by victims. Perpetrators only showed a higher level of stress and had lower grades than the uninvolved group, suggesting lower costs of committing cyber-violence than experiencing it. The results provide insights into psychological outcomes, suggesting that perpetrators/victims comprise the group that should be included in selective or even indicated prevention programmes focused on reducing involvement in cyberviolence and its known outcomes, especially depression, anxiety and stress. Indicated prevention programmes for perpetrators should probably be tailored differently, for example, by problematising the lack of guilt and promoting empathy for victims while reducing the positive outcomes of cyber-violence (e.g., gaining social status via violence).
The importance of physical activity, as one of the crucial resources for maintaining and improving physical health, was diminished during the Covid-19 pandemic. Except for the impact it has on ...physical health, physical activity may have various psychological benefits, especially during the development period of adolescence. The current findings of physical activity show that adolescents are more physically inactive during the pandemic than usual. Also, there are increasingly negative psychological outcomes in adolescents. The purpose of this study was to explore the levels of physical activity, negative affectivity, coping and preoccupation with the pandemic in an adolescent sample. The study involved 2409 adolescents (53.5% girls, 46.5% boys) from elementary and high schools aged 10 to 19. The Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) was applied, and information about levels of physical activity, coping and preoccupation with pandemic and isolation measures were collected. Participants answered on a Likert-type scale. Findings of this research show that on average male adolescents are more likely to engage in physical activities than females. Also, a relation of physical inactivity distress and preoccupation was obtained for adolescent girls. No similar finding was found for males. However, very high physical activity (five or more times a week) was a protective factor for coping and preoccupation with coronavirus infection. The conclusion of this research indicates that levels of physical activity have a different effect on male and female adolescents during the Covid-19 pandemic. It can be concluded that female adolescents that are less physically active are more at risk of depression, anxiety and stress.
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