Due to their excellent physical properties and high strength and stiffness relative to density, aerospace industry research is producing high-performance structural materials, such as composites, ...which are used in many critical structural parts like airframes, wings, rotor blades, propellers, and other components. However, during flight, these materials may be damaged by impact, thermal stress, moisture, and ultraviolet radiation. One of the most prevalent issues with composite materials is their challenging nature in terms of flaw detection during both manufacturing and use. When they are employed in the crucial areas that were previously indicated, this becomes a very serious issue. When evaluating the structural integrity of composites and looking for any damage, microscopes are a very useful instrument. Effective methods for identifying and analyzing damage include microscopic procedures like optical microscopy, stereomicroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), scanning ion microscopy (SIM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). A variety of methods may be employed with microscopes to examine and identify deterioration in composite materials. It is often possible to examine overt deterioration on the surface of composite materials under the microscope utilizing a number of different approaches and procedures. Determining the kind, extent, distribution, and impact of the damage requires these inspections. Often employed techniques consist of: SEM is a method for high-resolution imaging of surface damage. It entails shining an electron beam onto the sample's surface and capturing pictures. SEM is a useful tool for identifying erosion, delamination, and microcracks. It is also possible to measure things like the damage's breadth and depth. Optical microscopes have a large field of view and look at damaged regions. This makes it possible to find tiny fractures or cracks that are invisible to the unaided eye. Furthermore, details on the degree of harm, the roughness of the surface, and the breadth and depth of the fractures may be acquired. To see damaged objects, optical microscopy is utilized. Cracks and damage locations are visible with optical microscopy. Optical microscopes can identify different kinds of damage by looking at the surface of the material. Damage like delamination, fiber breakage, cracks, and deformations are a few examples of these. This study examines the efficacy of microscopic methods and non-destructive testing in assessing the different kinds of damage that can occur at the interfaces between holes in composite materials. Composite test materials were chosen from glass fiber reinforced phenolic matrix composites that were produced in compliance with aerospace standards. The measurements led to the conclusion that using microscopic techniques has benefits like speed and field suitability. However, the continuous development and improvement of new methods in this field will contribute to a better understanding of layered composite materials and the development of safer and more durable structures.
Havacılık ve uzay endüstrisinin ticari ve askeri uçakların performansını artırmaya yönelik araştırmalar, yüksek performanslı yapısal malzemelerin geliştirilmesine yol açmaktadır. Kompozit malzemeler, mevcut ve gelecekteki havacılık ve uzay bileşenlerinde önemli bir rol oynayan bu tür malzeme sınıflarından biridir. Kompozit malzemeler, yüksek mukavemet ile sertlik-yoğunluk oranları ve üstün fiziksel özellikleri nedeniyle havacılık ve uzay uygulamaları için özellikle uygulanabilir bir malzeme türü olarak kullanılmaktadır.1 Uçak gövdeleri, kanatlar, rotor kanatları, pervaneler ve diğer bileşenler gibi birçok kritik yapısal parçada kompozit malzemeler bulunmaktadır. Ancak, uçuş sırasında oluşabilecek darbeler, termal gerilmeler, nem, ultraviyole ışınları gibi faktörler nedeniyle hasarlar meydana gelebilir. Kompozit malzemelerin kullanımı sırasında sık karşılaşılan problemlerden birisi gerek üretim gerekse kullanımları sırasında meydana gelen kusurların tespitinin zor olmasıdır. Özellikle yukarıda değinilen kritik sahalarda kullanımında bu durum daha büyük bir problem olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Mikroskoplar, kompozit malzemelerin yapısal bütünlüğünü değerlendirmek ve potansiyel hasarları tespit etmek için kullanılan güçlü bir araçtır. Optik mikroskopi, stereo microskopi, taramalı elektron mikroskopi (SEM), taramalı iyon mikroskopisi(SIM) ve atomik kuvvet mikroskopisi (AFM) gibi mikroskopik teknikler, hasarların belirlenmesi ve analiz edilmesi için kullanılan etkili araçlardır. Mikroskoplar, kompozit malzemelerdeki hasarların tespiti ve analizi için farklı tekniklerle kullanılabilir. Kompozit malzemelerin yüzeyindeki açık hasarların mikroskopla incelenmesi, genellikle bir dizi teknik ve yöntem kullanılarak gerçekleştirilir. Bu incelemeler, hasarın türünü, büyüklüğünü, dağılımını ve etkisini belirlemek için önemlidir. Bazı yaygın kullanılan yöntemler şunlardır; SEM, yüzeydeki hasarları yüksek çözünürlükte görüntülemek için kullanılan bir tekniktir. Elektron demeti kullanarak numunenin yüzeyine odaklanır ve görüntüler elde eder. SEM, mikro çatlakları, tabakalaşma ve erozyonu tespit etmek için etkili bir yöntemdir. Ayrıca, hasarın derinliği ve genişliği gibi ölçümler yapılabilir. Optik mikroskoplar, hasarlı bölgeleri geniş bir görüş alanında inceler. Bu sayede çıplak gözle görülemeyen küçük çatlaklar veya kırılmalar tespit edilebilir. Ayrıca, hasar boyutu, yüzey pürüzlülüğü, çatlakların derinliği ve genişliği gibi bilgiler elde edilebilir. Optik mikroskopi, hasar bölgelerini ve çatlakları görselleştirmek için kullanılır. Optik mikroskoplar, malzeme yüzeyini inceleyerek hasar türlerini tespit edebilir. Bunlar arasında delaminasyon (katmanların ayrılması), fiber kırılması, çatlaklar, deformasyonlar gibi hasarlar bulunabilir. Bu çalışmada, tahribatsız muayene ve mikroskobik teknikler kullanılarak, kompozit malzemelerin delik ara yüzeylerinde meydana gelen çeşitli hasar türlerinin değerlendirilebilme etkinliği incelenmiştir. Kompozit malzeme olarak havacılık standartlarında üretilmiş cam fiber takviyeli fenolik matrisli kompozitler seçilmiştir. Ölçümler sonucunda; mikroskobik tekniklerinde, hız ve sahaya uygunluk gibi avantajları ile kullanılabilir olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Bununla birlikte, bu alanda sürekli olarak yeni yöntemlerin geliştirilmesi ve geliştirilmesi, katmanlı kompozit malzemelerin daha iyi anlaşılmasına ve daha güvenli ve dayanıklı yapıların geliştirilmesine katkıda bulunacaktır.
This study aimed to examine the impact of robotic hand rehabilitation on hand function and quality of life in children with cerebral palsy.
Children with cerebral palsy aged 7-16 years were divided ...into robotic rehabilitation (n = 9) or conventional rehabilitation (n = 10) groups for hand rehabilitation of 30 sessions. The primary outcomes were the Fugl-Meyer Assessment for Upper Extremity, and Box and Block Test. The secondary outcomes were the Manual Ability Classification System, Modified Ashworth Scale, hand grasp and finger strengths, ABILHAND-Kids, Functional Independence Measure for Children, and PedsQL Quality of Life Inventory-CP Module.
In the robotic rehabilitation group, a significant improvement was found in all parameters after treatment (p < 0.05), except for the Functional Independence Measure (p = 0.081). In the conventional rehabilitation group, there was significant improvement after treatment in the Modified Ashworth Scale, Fugl-Meyer Assessment for Upper Extremity, hand grasp strength, Box and Block Test, ABILHAND-Kids, and PedsQL Quality of Life Inventory-CP Module (p < 0.05). Before and after treatment, all outcome parameters in the groups were similar (p > 0.05).
Robotic hand rehabilitation is effective in improving motor function, manual dexterity, spasticity and quality of life in children with cerebral palsy. However, it was not demonstrated to be superior to conventional rehabilitation.
Castleman disease (CD) is a rare disease also known as angiofollicular lymph node hyperplasia. The two main histological subtypes are the hyaline vascular and plasma cell variants. It is further ...classified as unicentric CD (UCD) or multicentric CD (MCD) according to the anatomical distribution of the disease and the number of lymph nodes involved. The aim of this multicenter study was to evaluate all cases of CD identified to date in Turkey to set up a national registry to improve the early recognition, treatment, and follow-up of CD.
Both adult (n=130) and pediatric (n=10) patients with lymph node or involved field biopsy results reported as CD were included in the study. Patients’ demographic information, clinical and laboratory characteristics, imaging study results, treatment strategies, and clinical outcomes were evaluated retrospectively.
A total of 140 patients (69 male and 71 female) with a diagnosis of UCD (n=73) or MCD (n=67) were included. The mean age was 39 years in the UCD group and 47 years in the MCD group. Female patients were more common in the UCD group. The most common histological subtype was hyaline vascular for both UCD and MCD patients. Asymptomatic patients were more common in the UCD group. Anemia, elevations of acute phase reactants, and hypoalbuminemia were more common in the MCD group. The most commonly used treatment strategies for UCD were surgical excision, rituximab, and radiotherapy, respectively. All UCD patients were alive at a median of 19.5 months of follow-up. The most commonly used treatment strategies for MCD were methyl prednisolone, R-CHOP, R-CVP, and rituximab. Thirteen MCD patients had died at a median of 34 months of follow-up.
This study is important in presenting the patient characteristics and treatment strategies for CD from Turkey, with the potential of increasing awareness about CD. Treatment data may help in making decisions, particularly in countries that do not have access to siltuximab. However, larger prospective studies are needed to make definitive conclusions.
Metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) is a glycosphingolipid storage disease caused by deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme arylsulfatase A (ASA) or its activator protein saposin B. MLD can affect all age ...groups in severity varying from a severe fatal form to milder adult onset forms. Diagnosis is usually made by measuring leukocyte ASA activity. However, this test can give false negative or false positive laboratory results due to pseudodeficiency of ASA and saposin B deficiency, respectively. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate patients with suspected MLD in a Turkish population by comprehensive clinical, biochemical, radiological, and genetic analyses for molecular and phenotypic characterization. We analyzed 28 suspected MLD patients and 41 relatives from 24 families. ASA activity was found to be decreased in 21 of 28 patients. Sixteen patients were diagnosed as MLD (11 late infantile, 2 juvenile and 3 adult types), 2 MSD, 2 pseudodeficiency (PD) and the remaining 8 patients were diagnosed as having other leukodystrophies. Enzyme analysis showed that the age of onset of MLD did not correlate with residual ASA activity. Sequence analysis showed 11 mutations in ARSA, of which 4 were novel (p.Trp195GlyfsTer5, p.Gly298Asp, p.Arg301Leu, and p.Gly311Asp), and 2 mutations in SUMF1 causing multiple sulfatase deficiency, and confirmed the diagnosis of MLD in 2 presymptomatic relatives. All individuals with confirmed mutations had low ASA activity and urinary sulfatide excretion. Intra- and inter-familial variability was high for the same ARSA missense genotypes, indicating the contribution of other factors to disease expression. Imaging findings were evaluated through a modified brain MRI scoring system which indicated patients with protein-truncating mutations had more severe MRI findings and late-infantile disease onset. MRI findings were not specific for the diagnosis. Anti-sulfatide IgM was similar to control subjects, and IgG, elevated in multiple sulfatase deficiency. In conclusion, the knowledge on the biochemical, clinical and genetic basis of MLD was expanded, a modified diagnostic laboratory algorithm for MLD based on integrated evaluation of ASA activity, urinary sulfatide excretion and genetic tests was devised.
Pathological inflammatory syndromes of unknown etiology are commonly observed in ataxia telangiectasia (AT) and Artemis deficiency. Similar inflammatory manifestations also exist in patients with ...STING-associated vasculopathy in infancy (SAVI).
We sought to test the hypothesis that the inflammation-associated manifestations observed in patients with AT and Artemis deficiency stem from increased type I IFN signature leading to neutrophil-mediated pathological damage.
Cytokine/protein signatures were determined by ELISA, cytometric bead array, or quantitative PCR. Stat1 phosphorylation levels were determined by flow cytometry. DNA species accumulating in the cytosol of patients' cells were quantified microscopically and flow cytometrically. Propensity of isolated polymorhonuclear granulocytes to form neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) was determined using fluorescence microscopy and picogreen assay. Neutrophil reactive oxygen species levels and mitochondrial stress were assayed using fluorogenic probes, microscopy, and flow cytometry.
Type I and III IFN signatures were elevated in plasma and peripheral blood cells of patients with AT, Artemis deficiency, and SAVI. Chronic IFN production stemmed from the accumulation of DNA in the cytoplasm of AT and Artemis-deficient cells. Neutrophils isolated from patients spontaneously produced NETs and displayed indicators of oxidative and mitochondrial stress, supportive of their NETotic tendencies. A similar phenomenon was also observed in neutrophils from healthy controls exposed to patient plasma samples or exogeneous IFN-α.
Type I IFN–mediated neutrophil activation and NET formation may contribute to inflammatory manifestations observed in patients with AT, Artemis deficiency, and SAVI. Thus, neutrophils represent a promising target to manage inflammatory syndromes in diseases with active type I IFN signature.
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This study was planned to adapt the Vaccine Hesitancy Scale to Turkish and evaluate its validity and reliability.
This research was conducted methodologically. The sample of the study consisted of ...317 individuals from the patient relatives in the waiting rooms, who have children between the ages 9-16, who applied to the Suleyman Demirel University Hospital policlinic in December 2019. A questionnaire developed by the researcher and the Vaccine Hesitancy Scale were used as data collection tools.
Explanatory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis methods were used to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Vaccine Hesitancy Scale. In the Vaccine Hesitancy Scale, the Kaiser-Mayer-Olkin coefficient was 0.897 and the Bartlett test's chi-square value was 1319.67 and the result was significant (P <0.001). Considering the factor loads of the items, it varies between 0.608 and 0.845. As a result of the explanatory factor analysis, it was seen that the scale consists of two factors. This finding is consistent with the original form of the scale. The internal consistency coefficient of the scale was found to be 0.86.
As a result of the validity and reliability analysis, the Vaccine Hesitancy Scale was found to be a valid and reliable scale for the Turkish society, which consists of 9 items and 2 sub-dimensions.
Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate the features of prostate cancer that have been incidentally detected in radical cystoprostatectomy specimens of bladder cancer patients. The ...researchers of the current study retrospectively evaluated the data from 119 men who underwent radical cystoprostatectomy at four referral institutions in Ankara, Turkey. Of the 21 prostate cancer patients, 17 (81%) were aged ≥60 years; 10 (47.6%) had clinically significant diseases; three had a Gleason score of 6, three had a Gleason score of 7, three had a Gleason score of 8, one had a positive surgical margin along with extracapsular invasion of the tumor and a high Gleason score, and three patients had a tumor volume of ≥0.5 cm3 , of which two also had a high Gleason score. Patients were followed-up for a mean of 29 ± 10.2 months; the overall survival was 96.6% ( n = 115) during that period. Preoperative digital rectal examination and prostate-specific antigen values did not differ between the benign and prostate cancer groups. There was no survival advantage in the insignificant prostate cancer and benign prostate groups. No additional benefit for predicting prostate cancer was found with digital rectal examination and prostate-specific antigen tests, although some clinicians advised such. In patients aged < 60 years, organ-sparing cystectomy seems reasonable. In prostate-sparing surgery, candidates who are aged >60 years, the preoperative work-up may routinely include prostate biopsy, especially the apex. Preoperative findings of multifocality of bladder cancers and the presence of carcinoma in situ have the risk of prostatic involvement.
Metabolic syndrome is highly prevalent in the adult population worldwide. Education may play an important role in preventing metabolic syndrome in young adults, especially those who are attending ...university. Such adults are at a critical point in their lives and make their own lifestyle choices that can affect their future health.
The aims of this study were to determine the metabolic syndrome risk levels of students from the Faculty of Health Sciences.
Survey design study.
In a questionnaire developed by the researchers to collect data in accordance with the relevant literature, the scale of the risk of metabolic syndrome was assessed. A stepwise logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the risks.
Important risk factors for metabolic syndrome were found to be gender, weight gain, "stress eating" excessive amounts of food, sleeping for more than 8 hours a day, feeling tired after sleep, belonging to a divided family, and eating whilst working on the computer.
The students from the Faculty of Health Sciences, particularly because they are trained in the health sector, are expected to have more information about the risk factors of metabolic syndrome, and take necessary precautions to prevent it.
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