The Revised Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQR) attempts to address the limitations of the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ). As there is no Turkish version of the FIQR available, we aimed ...to investigate the validity and reliability of a Turkish translation of the FIQR in Turkish female fibromyalgia (FM) patients. After translating the FIQR into Turkish, it was administered to 87 female patients with FM. All of the patients filled out the questionnaire together with a Turkish version of the FIQ, hospital anxiety and depression scales (HADS), short form-36 (SF-36). The tender-point count (TPC) was also calculated from tender points identified by thumb palpation. One week later, FM patients filled out the Turkish FIQR at their second visit. The test–retest reliability of the Turkish FIQR questions ranged from 0.714 to 0.898. The test and retest reliability of total FIQR score was 0.835. Cronbach's alpha was 0.89 for FIQR visit 1 (the first assessment) and 0.91 for FIQR visit 2 (the second assessment), indicating acceptable levels of internal consistency for both assessments. The total scores of the FIQR and FIQ were significantly correlated (
r
= 0.87,
P
< 0.01). Significant correlations for construct validity were also obtained between the FIQR total and domain scores and the FIQ, the HADS and the subscales of the SF-36 (FIQR total versus SF-36 physical component score and mental component score were
r
= −0.63,
P
< 0.01 and
r
= −0.51,
P
< 0.01, respectively). The Turkish FIQR is a reliable and valid instrument for measuring health status in FM, showing sufficient reliability and construct validity. It may be utilized for both clinical practice and research use in the Turkish-speaking population in place of FIQ, since its Turkish version has problems in the wording, omissions, concepts, and scoring from the original FIQ.
► Thermal and ultrasonic inactivation of tomato POD show first-order kinetics. ► 100% POD inactivation at 75% ultrasonic power for 90
s. ► No regeneration in completely inactivated enzyme by ...ultrasound. ► Ultrasonication retains higher vitamin C level than thermal treatment.
Tomato peroxidase (POD) was inactivated by heat and ultrasound. Thermal inactivation of tomato POD was performed at temperatures of 63, 64, 65, 66 and 67
°C. Thermal inactivation of POD in tomato showed apparent first-order kinetics.
E
a was calculated from the slopes of Arrhenius plot and found as 14.9
×
10
4
J/mol. The effect of ultrasound on tomato peroxidase inactivation was investigated at 15%, 25%, 40%, 50% and 75% ultrasonic powers for 20–150
s. It was observed that as the ultrasonic power increased, inactivation rate increased. 100% POD inactivation was observed at 50% power for 150
s and at 75% power for 90
s of ultrasonication. Regeneration of POD activity was investigated for the samples exposed to ultrasound at different ultrasonic powers. It was observed that at 15% and 25% ultrasonic powers, residual enzyme activity increased linearly, whereas at powers of 40%, 50% and 75% residual enzyme activity increased nonlinearly. There was no regeneration in the samples which 100% enzyme inactivation obtained by ultrasound. A significant decrease in vitamin C content of tomato extract was observed as a function of temperature and treatment time, whereas ultrasonic treatment had no significant effect on vitamin C content of tomato extract.
This study aimed to assess the survival of probiotic cultures in kefir. Kefir is a fermented dairy product, and in this study we incorporated nutritionally rich flaxseed mucilage and gum arabic as a ...prebiotic, then monitored for improvement in the the viability of
and
In addition, some physicochemical variables of kefir were investigated. The addition of flaxseed mucilage and gum arabic significantly (
˂ 0.05) increased the growth of both
and
compared to the control. Samples enriched with flaxseed mucilage and gum arabic had significantly (
˂ 0.05) reduced pH and increased viscosity. Flaxseed mucilage and gum arabic significantly (
˂ 0.05) changed the color parameters L*, a*, and b*. However, as the concentration of flaxseed mucilage increased, the L* value decreased. Moreover, adding flaxseed mucilage and gum arabic into kefir increased (
˂ 0.05) the protein content. These results showed that flaxseed mucilage and gum arabic could be used to increase the survival of probiotic cultures in kefir without changing its physicochemical properties.
Concessive relations have been defined in terms of concepts such as surprise, counter-expectation, incompatibility, or conflict between clauses in literature. Concession can be marked explicitly by a ...range of linguistic resources or expressed implicitly and perceived by the hearer based on contextual cues. In previous studies, various functions of concession including expressing a contrast, preventing potential misunderstandings, correction/repair, alignment, and topic management have been reported. Traditional view on gender and language allege that women tend to seek common ground, avoid disagreement and be polite. The current view, on the other hand, claim that discourse context is determinant on such tendencies. Considering the discursive functions of concession, it can be presumed that women opt for concession more frequently than men do. Therefore, the aim of this study is twofold: to determine (if any) gender-based differences (i) in the marking and use of concessive resources and (ii) in the functions of concession in Turkish spoken discourse within the framework of Interactional Linguistics. The database of the study consists of the transcriptions of six hour daily Turkish conversations. Our findings have revealed that concession is mostly marked explicitly (83.5%) with no significant difference between the female and male participants and the most used concessive marker is ‘ama’ (but) by both genders (33.7%). As for the functions, the concessions are mostly used to express a contrast (49.4%) with no significant difference between male and female speakers. These findings support the view that it is not the gender of the speakers but the discourse context that shapes the language use.
Cadaverine and tyramine are biogenic amines that are commenly found in fermented foods. This study focused on the reduction of cadaverine and tyramine formation by a new method using proteolytic ...enzymes (trypsin and chymotrypsin). Cadaverine and tyramine were synthesized from lysine and tyrosine in the presence of their decarboxylase enzymes, respectively. In this study, trypsin and chymotrypsin were used separately or in combination to reduce formation of cadaverine and tyramine in model system. Tyramine synthesis was reduced by trypsin and chymotrypsin as 57.2 and 52.1%, respectively. Moreover, the reduction of cadaverine was 80.4 and 83.0% by trypsin and chymotrypsin, respectively. Maximum reduction values were obtained when trypsin and chymotrypsin were used together for the reduction of tyramine (59.1%) and cadaverine formation (84.8%). In model system, cadaverine and tyramine formation were (p < 0.05) significantly reduced. It was concluded that trypsin and chymotrpsin could be used to reduce tyramine and cadaverine formation.
The aim of this study was to develop a scale to measure the attitudes of the university academic and administrative staff and students toward sexual harassment and assault, and examine its ...psychometric properties. After the development of the item pool and examination of the content validity of the intended items, Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and parallel analysis was conducted and Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficient was calculated collecting data from 150 participants (54.7% of female and 45.3% of male) for the initial version (comprised of 12 items) of the Attitudes Toward Sexual Harassment and Assault Scale (ATSHAS). In the second phase, Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was conducted with 354 participants (54% of female and 46% of male) for the revised version (10 items) of the ATSHAS. Additionally, Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficient was calculated with second sample. After developing the item pool, the completion of the first phase of the study took 5 months, and the second phase took 4 months. The final version of the ATSHAS consisting of nine items demonstrated sufficient psychometric properties for measuring attitudes toward sexual harassment and assault in the university environment.
Reported speech/quotations are used to insert other voices in texts, resulting in a form of intertextuality. With this characteristic, they are a form of intertextuality. Reporting can be through ...direct, indirect, strategic, transformed indirect and ostensible direct quotations and these involve ideological implications since they are closely related to evaluation and assessment. In this study, different types of reported speech and their discursive functions have been studied within the framework of Critical Discourse Analysis in the op-ed articles in nine different newspapers known to be the representatives of different political ideologies. According to the findings of the study, direct quotations are the most frequently used type of reported speech and they are followed by indirect quotations in all types of ideologies. Considering type and ideology relationship, it has been found that writers of secular ideology use direct, strategical and transformed indirect quotations more frequently than the others. On the other hand, indirect and ostensible direct quotations are used more frequently in Islamist ideology. Regarding their discursive functions, writers use quotations to realize different aims: tangibly supporting their arguments to make themselves more creditable, increase the reliability of their arguments, legitimize/validate their own statements; dramatizing events; evading responsibility by distancing themselves from the source of information; describing and disparaging the characteristics of the person they quote or report; bringing the opposing opinions to the attention of the readers; providing the background of a piece of information; describing the characteristics of the person quoted and praising them.
Dolaylı aktarımlar/alıntılar metinlere diğer sesleri katmak için kullanılır. Bu özelliğiyle de metinlerarasılığın bir biçimidir. Aktarım; dolaysız, dolaylı, stratejik, dönüştürülmüş dolaylı ve sözde dolaysız aktarım olabilir ve söz konusu türler değerlendirme ve yorumlama ile yakından ilişkili olduğu için ideolojik sezdirimler içerir. Bu çalışmada, farklı politik ideolojilerin temsilcisi olarak bilinen dokuz farklı gazetede yer alan köşe yazılarında, farklı aktarım türleri ve söylem işlevleri Eleştirel Söylem Çözümlemesi çerçevesinde incelenmektedir. Çalışmanın bulgularında göre, tüm ideolojilerde dolaysız alıntılar en sık kullanılan aktarım türüdür ve bunu dolaylı alıntılar takip etmektedir. Aktarım türü ve ideoloji ilişkisi göz önüne alındığında, laik ideoloji yazarlarının dolaysız, stratejik ve dönüştürülmüş dolaylı aktarımları diğerlerinden daha sık kullandıkları saptanmıştır. Öte yandan, dolaylı ve sözde dolaylı aktarımlar İslami ideolojide daha sıklıkla kullanılmaktadır. Söylemsel işlevleriyle ilgili olarak yazarlar alıntıları, kendilerini daha güvenilir kılmak amacıyla savlarını somut bir biçimde desteklemek; savlarının güvenirliğini artırmak; kendi ifadelerini meşrulaştırmak/geçerli kılmak; olayları dramatize etmek; kendilerini bilgi kaynağından uzaklaştırarak sorumluluktan kaçınmak; alıntı ya da aktarım yaptıkları kişinin özelliklerini betimlemek ve onları küçük düşürmek; karşıt görüşleri okurların dikkatine sunmak; bir bilginin ilgili arka planını vermek; alıntı ya da aktarım yaptıkları kişinin özelliklerini betimlemek ve onları övmek gibi farklı amaçları gerçekleştirmek için kullanmaktadır.
Op-ed writers reflect the ideology of their media organizations in their columns using various linguistic strategies. These strategies can be manifested using the analytic tools provided by Critical ...Discourse Analysis (CDA). The aim of this study is to analyze how the portrait of Mehmed II painted by the Italian artist Bellini being purchased by Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality on 25 June 2020 is reflected in two op-ed articles in the Sözcü and Yeni Akit newspapers which represent contrasting ideologies. The op-ed articles have been analyzed using the Predication strategy within the framework of Discourse-Historical Approach (Reisigl & Wodak, 2009). Our findings have revealed that predication strategy has been used in the op-ed article in Yeni Akit newspaper to present the opposition between us and them, while it has been used in the op-ed article in Sözcü to create a similarity between the social actors with different ideological orientations by mitigating the distinction between us and them. It has been concluded that the topic at hand is the determining factor for the op-ed writers in conveying their ideologies in the text and that the predication strategy is mainly used to persuade the target audience.
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