Autori razmatraju pitanja pravnog položaja žene u srednjovjekovnom Hvarskom statutu iz 1331. u usporedbi s nekim dalmatinskim (Bračkim i Korčulanskim) i kvarnerskim (Vinodolski zakon, Cresko-osorski ...statut) statutima. Pri tome propituju u čemu su rješenja statutarnog prava sukladna općim tendencijama, a u čemu su njegove eventualne specifičnosti u statusnom, obiteljskom, imovinskom, kaznenom i postupovnom pravu. Analizom notarskih zapisa i arhivske građe utvrđuje se u kojoj mjeri su se statutarne odredbe primjenjivale u svakodnevnom životu.
U odredbama Hvarskoga statuta vidljivo je prožimanje dviju osnovnih pravnih kultura: slavenske i rimske, ali i utjecaji kanonskog te mletačkog pravnog sustava. Ovo prožimanje, uz uvažavanje specifičnosti same Komune, povezuje Hvarski statut s drugim statutima i europskim prostorom te korijenima pravnih sustava suvremenih europskih integracija.
Die Autoren betrachten einige Fragen zur rechtlichen Stellung von Frauen im mittelalterlichen Statut von Hvar aus dem Jahre 1331 im Vergleich zu den sonstigen Statuten aus Dalmatien (insbesondere denen von Brač und Korčula) sowie der Kvarner-Region (Gesetzbuch von Vinodol, Cres-Osor). Dabei überdenken sie, inwieweit die Lösungen des gesetzten Rechts mit den Haupttendenzen übereinstimmen und worin seine allfälligen Besonderheiten bezüglich des Statuts-, Familien-, Vermögens-, Straf- und Prozessrechts liegen. Eine Analyse notarieller Aufzeichnungen und Archivmaterials weist darauf hin, in welchem Maße die gesetzten Bestimmungen im alltäglichen Leben Anwendung fanden. Aus den gesetzten Bestimmungen des Statuts von Hvar geht die aufmunternde Durchsetzung zweier grundlegender Rechtskulturen hervor: der slawischen und der römischen, ist jedoch auch der Einfluss sowohl des kanonischen als auch venezianischen Rechtssystems erkennbar. Diese Durchsetzung verbindet das Statut von Hvar, unter Berücksichtigung der Besonderheiten der Kommune an sich, sowohl mit anderen Statuten als auch mit dem europäischen Raum und den Wurzeln der Rechtssysteme moderner europäischer Integration.
Some issues of the legal position of women in the medieval Hvar Statute of 1331 compared to other Dalmatian statutes (especially Brač and Korčula) and Kvarner (Vinodol Law, Cres-Osor) are considered. Thereby, the aspects of the solutions of statutory law that are in line with the main tendencies are reflected on, as are possible specifics in terms of status, family, property, criminal and procedural law. Analysis of notarial records and archival material indicates the extent to which the statutory provisions were applied in everyday life. The statutory provisions of the Hvar Statute show a beneficial interpenetration of two basic legal cultures: Slavic and Roman, but also the influences of the canonical and Venetian legal systems. This interpenetration, while respecting the specifics of the Commune itself, connects the Hvar Statute with other statutes and also with Europe and the roots of the legal systems of modern European integration.
The right to regulate the monetary system represents one of the immanent features of state sovereignty. A central bank is an institution that is usually given the authority to conduct a country’s ...monetary policy. Slovenia entered the European Union in 2004, the Bank of Slovenia became part of the Eurosystem, and its governor a member of the Governing Council of the ECB that decides on the monetary policy of the euro area. At the moment, Croatia is about to enter the European Union. Both countries were parts of the former socialist Yugoslavia (SFRY) and so have not come a long way on their own. However, their experiences with an independent central bank cannot be neglected. Therefore, it is useful to explore how central banking was organised in the past: before SFRY, in SFRY, and after gaining independence.
Autorice analiziraju neka pitanja pravnog položaja žene po odredbama srednjovjekovnog Skradinskog statuta, ukazujući na rješenja drugih dalmatinskih pravnih sustava, posebno splitskog, trogirskog, ...zadarskog i šibenskog, što je nužno zbog nedorečenosti statutarne materije. U uvodnom dijelu navode se vrela skradinskog srednjovjekovnog prava, a u središnjem su dijelu obrađena neka pitanja pravnog položaja žene u statusnom, obiteljskom, imovinskom, procesnom i kaznenom pravu. Pravni položaj žene prema statutarnim odredbama Skradinskog statuta upotpunjen je analizom malobrojnih sačuvanih notarskih zapisa. Statutarne odredbe predstavljaju normativnu stranu srednjovjekovnog pravnog sustava dok notarski zapisi daju cjelovitiji uvid u pravni položaj žene u srednjovjekovnom Skradinu.
The authors analyze some questions on the legal position of women in the medieval Statute of Skradin, pointing to solutions in other Dalmatian legal systems, notably in the statues of Split, Trogir, Zadar and Šibenik, which is necessary due to the ambiguity of statutory matter. Sources of Skradin's medieval law are cited in the introduction, while the rest of the article addresses the issues of the legal position of women in status, family, property, criminal and procedural law. The tendency of community authorities to prevent foreigners from gaining property and to prevent the division of family property by dowry were the fundamental causes for the inferior position of women in communal legal systems. Legal position of women in statutary regulations of the Statute of Skradin is further examined through an analysis of the few preserved notary records. Statutory regulations present the normative side of the medieval legal system, while notary records yield a more complete insight into the legal position of women in the medieval Skradin.
The right to regulate the monetary system represents one of the immanent features of state sovereignty. A central bank is an institution that is usually given the authority to conduct a country’s ...monetary policy. Slovenia entered the European Union in 2004, the Bank of Slovenia became part of the Eurosystem, and its governor a member of the Governing Council of the ECB that decides on the monetary policy of the euro area. At the moment, Croatia is about to enter the European Union. Both countries were parts of the former socialist Yugoslavia (SFRY) and so have not come a long way on their own. However, their experiences with an independent central bank cannot be neglected. Therefore, it is useful to explore how central banking was organised in the past: before SFRY, in SFRY, and after gaining independence.
Dvojna pravna priroda Westfalskog mira Erent-Sunko, Zrinka; Marelja, Miran; Topić, Marko
Zbornik Pravnog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Rijeci,
2023, Letnik:
44, Številka:
2
Journal Article, Paper
Odprti dostop
Westfalski mir vratio je stabilnost Europi, okončavši Tridesetogodišnji rat (1618. - 1648.), koji se odvijao pretežno na području Svetog Rimskog Carstva te Nizozemski ustanak, poznat i kao ...Osamdesetogodišnji rat (1566. - 1648.) između Španjolske i Nizozemske. Nakon uvodnog razmatranja Westfalskoga kongresa, u radu se analiziraju najbitnije odredbe mirovnih ugovora koje im pridaju važnost ustavnopravnog akta Carstva, poput odredbi o vjerskim pitanjima, opće amnestije i prava zemalja Carstva. Na ove ustavnopravne odrednice nadovezuje se pitanje jamstva i zaštite izvršenja sadržanih prava i sloboda. Pritom se vanjske implikacije mirovnog ugovora zaokružuju raščlambom te kritikom koncepta westfalske suverenosti. Upravo će očuvanje krhke ravnoteže proizašle iz političke slabosti Carstva omogućiti razvoj novoga međunarodnog političkog (i pravnog) okvira u Europi.
The Peace of Westphalia restored stability to Europe, ending the Thirty Years’ War (1618 - 1648), which was fought mainly on the territory of the Holy Roman Empire, and ending the Dutch Revolt, also known as the Eighty Years’ War (1566 - 1648), between Spain and the Netherlands. After introductory remarks on the Congress of Westphalia, the paper analyses the most important provisions of the peace treaties that are given importance as constitutional legal acts of the Empire. This includes the requirements on religious issues, general amnesty, and the rights of the Empire’s countries. The paper connects the issue of incorporated rights and freedoms envisioned as constitutional guidelines with the external implications of the peace treaty. In this regard, the paper critically examines the viability of the “Westphalian sovereignty” concept. The post-war preservation of the Empire’s fragile internal balance, in turn, enabled the advancement of a new international political and legal framework in Europe.
Model SSSR-a primjer je dvojake pravne regulacije abortusa te model za istraživanje učinaka i posljedica kako legalizacije tako kriminalizacije. Naime, nakon Oktobarske revolucije 1920. vlasti ...RSFSR-a legalizirale su abortus. Legalizacija je bila dijelom rješavanja „ženskog pitanja“ i društvenog izjednačavanja žena i muškaraca, ali društvo s nagomilanim problemima i gladnim stanovništvom nije imalo ni dovoljno političke volje ni gospodarsku osnovu da to pitanje riješi. „Babki“ su i dalje izvodile ilegalne abortuse, posebice u provincijskim sredinama, udaljenim od velikih gradskih ovlaštenih zdravstvenih ustanova. Ipak, smrtnost žena je smanjena. Sa Staljinovom vlašću
i politikom koja je povećanjem nataliteta trebala osigurati radnu snagu te tako potaknuti industrijalizaciju abortus je 1936. zabranjen. Određene su kazne kako za one koji su izvodili abortuse tako za žene koje su od tada bile pod dvostrukim teretom – kao majke i kao „rabotnitse“. No, ponovna kriminalizacija zbog mnogih čimbenika nije donijela očekivane rezultate. Postupci za kaznena djela izvođenja abortusa vodili su se rjeđe od očekivanog, a kazne su se češće izricale
ženama nego onima koji su se radi zarade bavili izvođenjem ilegalnih abortusa. Nažalost, ni niz mjera kojima je država nastojala potaknuti veći natalitet, poput dječjih doplataka, plaćenih dječjih kampova i dr. beneficija nisu bile od koristi. Broj ilegalnih abortusa ostao je velik, unatoč blažem padu koji je uslijedio kratko vrijeme nakon zabrane. Rezultat nestručno izvedenih abortusa i abortusa izvedenih u nehigijenskim uvjetima bila je visoka stopa smrtnosti te teške
posljedice po zdravlje žena. Kriminalizacijom nije povećan natalitet, a stvarna negativna statistika, vezana za posljedice nestručno i u nehigijenskim uvjetima obavljenih abortusa, zbog prikrivanja negativnih učinaka ove političke odluke vjerojatno se nikada neće znati. Ova je praksa trajala sve do Staljinove smrti nakon koje su 1955. abortusi ponovno legalizirani. Uz određena ograničenja, tako je ostalo sve do raspada ove komunističke velesile.
Rad istražuje početke ograničavanja ratovanja zadržavajući se na utvrđivanju postojanja i razlikovanja običajnih normi prema kriteriju zaštite objekata, posebice hramova i svetišta u ratovima. Polazi ...se od razlike između postupanja u oružanim sukobima među grčkim polisima te sukobima između njih i stranaca ili barbara. Potvrđujući postojanje običajnih zaštitnih normi koje su nalagale poštedu religijskih objekata, uočavamo da se ta pošteda u ratnoj praksi nije često poštovala, što je uostalom i odlika našeg vremena unatoč odredbama suvremenog, pisanog ratnog prava i načelima na kojima ono počiva. Iako je grčki polis funkcionirao uz strah od božanske kazne, upravo će nadgradnja religijske sankcije običajnom normom doprinijeti humanizaciji ratovanja, ujedno nadilazeći početnu ograničenost na panhelenski svijet.
Women's rights and equality as an instrument for determining the position of women in society are mostly associated with the concept of democracy and the trend of democratic development of society, ...but the issues that have arisen in recent times regarding this position (violence against women, femicide, the "glass ceiling") encourage the question about the nature of that relationship. If the legal position of women in democratic societies is questioned in the context of so many negative phenomena, what is the position of women in authoritarian regimes, and what is the legal determination of that position? To answer this question, the ancient model of Sparta and Athens, in the context of comparison with the Roman state, could be considered. Although in Sparta women did not participate in political decision-making, they had greater rights and a better position in society than women in the Athenian polis, which remained a model for modern democracy. Placing the rights and position of Spartan women in the context of social relations and legal-customary frameworks, it could be said that the rights of women in Sparta, to a certain extent, corresponded to contemporary aspirations, although the society was defined as an oligarchy that had military power in its hands. The question is whether we can draw such a conclusion for the later Roman state, which from the 2nd century BC included the Greek world.
Istražujući i analizirajući zakonike germanskih plemena, tzv. leges barbarorum, od kojih nam je zasigurno najpoznatiji Salijski zakonik ili Lex Salica, autor/ice zaključuju da su germanska plemena u ...kaznenopravnoj regulativi vezanoj za djela nasilja nad ženama pokazala začudnu energičnost. Barbarsku kaznenopravnu zaštitu treba sagledati u okolnostima i uvjetima življenja u srednjem vijeku te kroz načela i vrijednosti različite od onih na kojima počivaju suvremeni pravni sustavi. Leges barbarorum sadrže određenu klasifikaciju kaznenih djela nasilja nad ženama te prema težini kaznenog djela određuju kaznu koja može biti manja novčana, ali i vrlo teška poput oduzimanja cijele imovine, fizičkog kažnjavanja u javnosti i gubljenja pravnog statusa. Posebno se kažnjavaju ubojstva trudnica kao i prikrivanja i poricanja kaznenih djela. Svrha kazne bila je u prvom redu namiriti štetu žrtvi koja je često u slučaju seksualnog zlostavljanja bila ne samo traumatizirana već i stigmatizirana. Ostaje pitanje koliko su germanska plemena, tzv. „barbari“ u stvarnosti poštovali svoje zakone.
Through the exploration and analyse of German tribal codes, so called leges barbarorum, and among them the most known is The Salic Code (Lex Salica), authors concludes that German tribes showed astonishing vigour in the criminal law regulation concerned to acts of violence against women. Barbarian criminal law protection should be observed inside of circumstances and life conditions in The Middle Ages as well as principles and values different from those ones creates bases of modern legal systems. Leges barbarorum contains classification of the criminal acts against women and determines sanctions according to the heaviness of criminal act that can be minimal fine, but very severe too, as confiscation of entire property, public physical punishment and deprivation of legal status. Homicides of pregnant women are specifically sanctioned as well as hiding and denying of criminal acts. The purpose of sanction was primarily to indemnify victim who was, in the case of sexual abuse, often not only traumatised but stigmatised too. Question remains whether Germanic tribes, so called “barbarians”, respected their own laws.
This paper will focus on the intricate interplay, the link between the rule of law, the principle of legality in a broader sense, and the principle of legality in a narrower sense (stricto sensu) ...contained in Article 7 (no punishment without the law, or nullum crimen, nulla poena sine lege) of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), particularly its elements of foreseeability and accessibility. These three pillars collectively shape legal systems, ensuring justice, protecting human rights, and preventing the arbitrary exercise of power. This study's guiding concept and historical anchor is the rule of law and its connection to the principle of legality. Through a legal and historical analysis, the research seeks to define the core principles of the rule of law and trace its historical trajectory. Understanding the historical context illuminates how the rule of law has evolved, leading to the establishment of transparent, fair, and accountable legal systems. The research investigates how the ECtHR interprets and implements the principle of legality, focusing on accessibility and foreseeability, and the place and role of the judicial safeguards in connection to these two elements of legality. The authors seek to comprehend the ECtHR's scope and interpretation of these principles. Tn addition to legal analysis, the research incorporates a qualitative approach by reviewing relevant ECtHR case law on Article 7 ECHR and assessing its scope and impact. Therefore, the study applies the legal-historical and qualitative statistical methods, focusing on case studies of specific ECtHR cases that are significant in light of legalities in the broader sense and stricto sensu (Article 7).
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