The Time of Meetings of Congress Brown, Everett S.
The American political science review,
11/1931, Letnik:
25, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
In public discussions of the proposed Norris “lame duck” amendment, and in demands by members of Congress for special sessions to meet temporary emergencies, the fact is often overlooked that ...Congress itself has the power to regulate the time of its meeting. The fourth section of Article IV of the Constitution provides: “The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a different day.” Under this provision, the much-criticized rush of bills in the short session could easily be averted by an act convening Congress at an earlier date than the first Monday in December. So, too, a Congress whose final session was coming to a close could provide that its successor should meet immediately, instead of waiting until the following December. A Congress desirous of a special session on a problem like unemployment could call such a session irrespective of lack of action by the President, provided it could command a majority sufficient to over-ride a possible presidential veto. Of course such action could be taken only while Congress was in session, because, under the provisions of the Constitution, the President is the only person who, between sessions, is empowered to call special sessions. These statements are not the result of theoretical speculation, but rest firmly on the facts of our legislative history. Prior to 1821, no fewer than eighteen acts were passed by Congress appointing a different day for its meetings from that stipulated in the Constitution. Before referring to these acts more in detail, it would perhaps clarify matters somewhat to recall to mind how March 4 was decided upon as a limit of presidential and congressional terms. Article VII of the Constitution provided that the instrument should go into effect when ratified by nine states. This was accomplished on June 21, 1788.
It is a well recognized fact that government publications are frequently the most valuable, and sometimes practically the only, reliable source of information on many phases of political, social, and ...economic life. Every bibliographical aid to their use, therefore, is to be highly welcomed by the student of government; and, fortunately for him, these aids are being rapidly multiplied. A noteworthy illustration is the
List of Serial Publications of Foreign Governments, 1815–1929
, now being prepared by Miss “Winifred Gregory under the general direction of a joint committee of the American Council of Learned Societies, the National Eesearch Council, and the American Library Association. Under each country will be listed, in a classified arrangement, the reports and other serials which record governmental activities since 1815. Section two of the preliminary checking edition of the List is devoted to the British Overseas Empire (except Canada).
Angus Fletcher, librarian of the British Library of Information in New York, points out that “the publication of official documents is a relatively recent development in English parliamentary history. It was not until 1837 that official documents were finally made available to the public, in the form of the regularly issued Parliamentary Papers as we know them today. The publication of Non-Parliamentary Papers is of stilllater origin.” The establishment of His Majesty's Stationery Office was a result of Burke's Act for Economical Reform in 1782, prior to which time the service of this office had been granted as a monopoly to persons in favor at court. The student entering on a study of British public documents can well afford to review the very readable and valuable historical account of the records of Parliament given by Sir Courtney Ilbert, wherein he traces the development of the written reports of the journals and debates from their beginnings.
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) Order 636 creates a significant new role for independent producers and others in the gas industry in the marketing of natural gas by creating the same ...opportunity for every competitor. Major ramifications of Order 636 are: 1. requiring pipelines to provide open access transportation service on a basis that is equal in quality for all gas supplies, 2. unbundling transportation service from sales service, and 3. authorizing pipelines to sell gas on a basis similar to unregulated sellers and to earn whatever incremental returns that the market permits. Thus, producers and marketers will enjoy greater access to markets, and local distribution companies and end users will have greater access to reserves. Order 636 will be significant in shaping the new market concern by requiring pipelines to provide a new optional no-notice firm transportation service and creating market centers and pooling points by prohibiting tariff provisions that would inhibit their development.
We present a new (2+1)D galaxy cluster finder based on photometric redshifts called Wavelet Z Photometric (WaZP) applied to DES first year (Y1A1) data. The results are compared to clusters detected ...by the South Pole Telescope (SPT) survey and the redMaPPer cluster finder, the latter based on the same photometric data. WaZP searches for clusters in wavelet-based density maps of galaxies selected in photometric redshift space without any assumption on the cluster galaxy populations. The comparison to other cluster samples was performed with a matching algorithm based on angular proximity and redshift difference of the clusters. It led to the development of a new approach to match two optical cluster samples, following an iterative approach to minimize incorrect associations. The WaZP cluster finder applied to DES Y1A1 galaxy survey (1,511 deg2 up to i=23 mag) led to the detection of 60,547 galaxy clusters with redshifts 0.05<z<0.9 and richness Ngals>5. Considering the overlapping regions and redshift ranges between the DES Y1A1 and SPT cluster surveys, all SZ based SPT clusters are recovered by the WaZP sample.The comparison between WaZP and redMaPPer cluster samples showed an excellent overall agreement for clusters with richness Ngals ({\lambda} for redMaPPer) greater than 25 (20), with 95% recovery on both directions. Based on the cluster cross-match we explorethe relative fragmentation of the two cluster samples and investigate the possible signatures of unmatched clusters.
Dance/movement therapy (DMT) is a strengths-based approach to psychotherapy that uses dance and movement as the primary form of communication, while emphasizing the movement relationship in addition ...to verbal dialogue. Positive and negative symptomatology of a diagnosis on the schizophrenia spectrum often disrupt organized thinking, orientation to reality, overall functioning, communication, and healthy relationships. Therefore, a body-based psychotherapeutic approach can be a pragmatic way to support, join, and process with people who have a diagnosis of a schizophrenia spectrum disorder (SSD). This paper explores the positive and negative symptoms of SSD, bodily manifestations of these symptoms, and particular ways to use DMT as a psychosocial treatment option. The use of creativity with this population can support a psychotherapeutic relationship focused on personal strengths, individuality, community development, and unconditional acceptance. This paper is grounded in the historical framework of DMT, particularly considering the theoretical work of Marian Chace and Trudi Schoop. The work is also substantiated anecdotally through the authors’ respective clinical practice with individuals diagnosed on the schizophrenia spectrum and through individual research focused on working with individuals experiencing acute and chronic manifestations of SSD. A brief overview of the current research has been included.
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