Digital transformation and resultant business model innovation have fundamentally altered consumers’ expectations and behaviors, putting immense pressure on traditional firms, and disrupting numerous ...markets. Drawing on extant literature, we identify three stages of digital transformation: digitization, digitalization, and digital transformation. We identify and delineate growth strategies for digital firms as well as the assets and capabilities required in order to successfully transform digitally. We posit that digital transformation requires specific organizational structures and bears consequences for the metrics used to calibrate performance. Finally, we provide a research agenda to stimulate and guide future research on digital transformation.
This special issue focuses on digital knowledge engineering, where artificial intelligence (AI) emulates human judgment and behavior to create, organize, and implement knowledge bases. AI’s evolution ...from narrow applications to a versatile general-purpose technology (e.g., generative AI) marks a transformative era. This evolution reshapes industries, cultivates data-driven entities, and promises to revolutionize (business) relationships. Digital knowledge engineering precipitates a variety of outcomes: it affects individual practices, reshapes collaborative endeavors, and has the potential to contribute significantly to the advancement of a circular economy. However, companies must adeptly navigate digital knowledge engineering within their strategy development processes to realize these outcomes. They need to address challenges in the knowledge-creating process—data, technological, and informational aspects—and skillfully organize their design and governance. In this editorial, we integrate insights from the various research domains and the papers from this special issue, addressing the complexity of digital knowledge engineering. Furthermore, we present a comprehensive research framework and illuminate avenues for future exploration.
•We introduce digital governance as a distinct form of governance.•We shed light on mechanisms of digital governance in terms of control, coordination, incentives, and trust.•We distinguish between ...analog, augmented, and automated forms of governance.•We predict that high transactivity favors augmented and automated forms of governance.•We present opportunities for future research related to digital governance.
The rapid expansion of digital technologies has paved the way for new forms of organizing, facilitated by increased data and knowledge exchange between individuals and organizations. However, this poses major new challenges for designing effective governance mechanisms. This paper highlights the critical role of digital governance in facilitating digitally enabled exchange relationships. To this end, we propose a typology of analog, augmented, and automated governance modes, each associated with specific control, coordination, incentive, and trust mechanisms. Additionally, we provide a heuristic for determining the optimal governance choice via the interplay of transactivity (i.e.,the contributors, connections, and consistency in an exchange network) and corresponding governance costs. Our study advances the governance literature by defining digital governance as a distinct form and outlining key governance mechanisms and choices in the digital era. Finally, we identify avenues for future research in this field.
Small and medium enterprise (SME) digitalisation involves the reinforcement, modification, and renewal of business models with the help of digital technologies. It is widely considered imperative for ...SMEs to stay relevant in the digital age. Yet, little is known about the conditions under which SME digitalisation improves the performance of SMEs in the IS literature. Guided by the SME literature, we postulate that the business value of SME digitalisation - based on its impact on improving financial firm performance - is dependent on two factors that are particularly relevant to SMEs due to their smallness and flexibility: radical orientation and organisational rigidity. Using data from multiple waves of surveys in 2019-2020 and archival financial data from Dutch SMEs, we demonstrate that the positive impact of SME digitalisation on performance improvement strongly depends on SME characteristics. SMEs who are oriented towards radical change and are more rigid are disadvantaged and attain lower returns on SME digitalisation.
Implementing precision medicine hinges on the integration of omics data, such as proteomics, into the clinical decision-making process, but the quantity and diversity of biomedical data, and the ...spread of clinically relevant knowledge across multiple biomedical databases and publications, pose a challenge to data integration. Here we present the Clinical Knowledge Graph (CKG), an open-source platform currently comprising close to 20 million nodes and 220 million relationships that represent relevant experimental data, public databases and literature. The graph structure provides a flexible data model that is easily extendable to new nodes and relationships as new databases become available. The CKG incorporates statistical and machine learning algorithms that accelerate the analysis and interpretation of typical proteomics workflows. Using a set of proof-of-concept biomarker studies, we show how the CKG might augment and enrich proteomics data and help inform clinical decision-making.
The authors develop a conceptual framework explaining monetary returns to international student mobility (ISM). Based on data from two German graduate panel surveys, they test this framework using ...growth curve models and Oaxaca-Blinder decompositions. The results indicate that ISM-experienced graduates enjoy a steeper wage growth after graduation and that they receive higher medium-term wages. This is partly attributable to their favourable self-selection. Under control of selection effects and competency gains from ISM, two mechanisms so far disregarded in the literature explain monetary returns to ISM: the steeper wage growth results from the higher likelihood of ISM-experienced graduates to increase their wage through employer changes. Linked to this, their higher likelihood of working in large and multinational companies explains their medium-term wage advantage.
Single‐cell technologies are revolutionizing biology but are today mainly limited to imaging and deep sequencing. However, proteins are the main drivers of cellular function and in‐depth ...characterization of individual cells by mass spectrometry (MS)‐based proteomics would thus be highly valuable and complementary. Here, we develop a robust workflow combining miniaturized sample preparation, very low flow‐rate chromatography, and a novel trapped ion mobility mass spectrometer, resulting in a more than 10‐fold improved sensitivity. We precisely and robustly quantify proteomes and their changes in single, FACS‐isolated cells. Arresting cells at defined stages of the cell cycle by drug treatment retrieves expected key regulators. Furthermore, it highlights potential novel ones and allows cell phase prediction. Comparing the variability in more than 430 single‐cell proteomes to transcriptome data revealed a stable‐core proteome despite perturbation, while the transcriptome appears stochastic. Our technology can readily be applied to ultra‐high sensitivity analyses of tissue material, posttranslational modifications, and small molecule studies from small cell counts to gain unprecedented insights into cellular heterogeneity in health and disease.
Synopsis
A new ultra‐high sensitivity LC‐MS workflow increases sensitivity by up to two orders of magnitude and enables true single‐cell proteome analysis. In‐depth comparison indicates that the single‐cell transcriptome is stochastic while the single‐cell proteome is complete and stable.
A highly optimized data independent acquisition powered single‐cell proteomics workflow including sub‐µl sample preparation, very low flow chromatography and trapped ion mobility mass spectrometry (diaPASEF) is presented.
Single‐cell proteome analysis is performed by injecting cells one‐by‐one across the cell cycle into the LC‐MS and correctly identifies cell states.
Single‐cell proteome information is highly complementary to single‐cell transcriptome information.
At the single‐cell level the proteome is quantitatively and qualitatively stable, while the transcriptome is stochastic.
A new ultra‐high sensitivity LC‐MS workflow increases sensitivity by up to two orders of magnitude and enables true single‐cell proteome analysis. In‐depth comparison indicates that the single‐cell transcriptome is stochastic while the single‐cell proteome is complete and stable.
The selection of high-skilled emigrants Parey, Matthias; Ruhose, Jens; Waldinger, Fabian ...
The review of economics and statistics,
12/2017, Letnik:
99, Številka:
5
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
We measure selection among high-skilled emigrants from Germany using predicted earnings. Migrants to less equal countries are positively selected relative to nonmigrants, while migrants to more equal ...countries are negatively selected, consistent with the prediction in Borjas (1987). Positive selection to less equal countries reflects university quality and grades, and negative selection to more equal countries reflects university subject and gender. Migrants to the United States are highly positively selected and concentrated in STEM fields. Our results highlight the relevance of the Borjas model for high-skilled individuals when credit constraints and other migration barriers are unlikely to be binding.
Iron deficiency is commonly assumed to cause half of all cases of anemias, with hereditary blood disorders and infections such as hookworm and malaria being the other major causes. In countries ...ranked as low, medium, and high by the Human Development Index, we conducted a systematic review of nationally representative surveys that reported the prevalence of iron deficiency, iron deficiency anemia, and anemia among pre-school children and non-pregnant women of reproductive age. Using random effects meta-analyses techniques, data from 23 countries for pre-school children and non-pregnant women of reproductive age was pooled, and the proportion of anemia attributable to iron deficiency was estimated by region, inflammation exposure, anemia prevalence, and urban/rural setting. For pre-school children and non-pregnant women of reproductive age, the proportion of anemia associated with iron deficiency was 25.0% (95% CI: 18.0, 32.0) and 37.0% (95% CI: 28.0, 46.0), respectively. The proportion of anemia associated with iron deficiency was lower in countries where anemia prevalence was >40%, especially in rural populations (14% for pre-school children; 16% for non-pregnant women of reproductive age), and in countries with very high inflammation exposure (20% for pre-school children; 25% for non-pregnant women of reproductive age). Despite large heterogeneity, our analyses suggest that the proportion of anemia associated with iron deficiency is lower than the previously assumed 50% in countries with low, medium, or high Human Development Index ranking. Anemia-reduction strategies and programs should be based on an analysis of country-specific data, as iron deficiency may not always be the key determinant of anemia.
A new strictly anaerobic bacterium, strain DYL19
, was enriched and isolated with phosphite as the sole electron donor and CO
as a single carbon source and electron acceptor from anaerobic sewage ...sludge sampled at a sewage treatment plant in Constance, Germany. It is a Gram-positive, spore-forming, slightly curved, rod-shaped bacterium which oxidizes phosphite to phosphate while reducing CO
to biomass and small amounts of acetate. Optimal growth is observed at 30 °C, pH 7.2, with a doubling time of 3 days. Beyond phosphite, no further inorganic or organic electron donor can be used, and no other electron acceptor than CO
is reduced. Sulphate inhibits growth with phosphite and CO
. The G+C content is 45.95 mol%, and dimethylmenaquinone-7 is the only quinone detectable in the cells. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis and other chemotaxonomic properties, strain DYL19
is described as the type strain of a new genus and species,
gen. nov., sp. nov.
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