Background
The phylogenetic relationships and phylogeny of twenty-six
Trichoderma
species collected from various Egyptian locations were investigated. The genetic diversity among the examined ...isolates was tested using the rep-PCR marker.
Trichoderma
species were screened for their cellulase activities.
Results
Three isolates demonstrated highly significant FPase activities, namely MNF-MAS-Tricho 1, MNF-MAS-Tricho 2, and MNF-MAS-Tricho 3 (0.50, 0.39, and 0.49 IU ml
−1
, respectively). MNF-MAS-Tricho1 showed the highest significant CMCase activity (0.80 IU ml
−1
). Concerning β-glucosidase, MNF-MAS-Tricho 1 was the highest (0.78 IU ml
−1
), while MNF-MSH-Trich 11 and MNF-MAS-Tricho 15 were the lowest (0.36 IU mL
−1
). The percentage of polymorphism ranged from 46.15 to 83.33%. (GTG)5 marker produced the greatest number of polymorphic loci (13 loci out of 18 loci) with about 83.33% polymorphism, followed by rep-10 with 69.2% polymorphism. Furthermore, the polymorphism information content (PIC) estimates ranged between 0.285 for Rep-10 and 0.340 for (GTG) 5 with an average of 0.306. The tested primers exhibited high discriminating and resolving powers.
Conclusion
The findings of this investigation were used to classify
Trichoderma
species, evaluate their genetic variability using ITS sequencing, rep-PCR, and measure their cellulase activities. These markers can facilitate more rapid and less complicated studies of
Trichoderma
population dynamics and evaluate their establishment after release into agricultural environments. The results will help to evaluate the genetic diversity of
Trichoderma
in future research.
The objective of the study was to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-mutagenic activities as well as the phenolic composition of different grape cultivar extracts collected from Taif region. The grape ...cultivars namely; Italian, American, Lebanese, Taify sub( b) and Taify sub( e) were collected at maturity stage to represent Taif region cultivars. The total concentrations of phenoles were determined for the five cultivar extracts and results indicated that the concentrations ranged from 115-960 mg L super( -1) Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE). Also, HPLC analysis included was carried out of nine important phenolic compounds namely; Cyanidine chloride, Myricetin, Chrysin, Quercetin, Delphinidine chloride, Malvidine chloride, Naringenin, Galangin and Caffeic acid. Results showed that treatment of mice with grape cultivar extracts resulted in a significant decrease in all types of chromosomal aberrations induced by Endoxan. Finally, treatment of mice with grape cultivar extracts enhanced mitotic index of mice bone marrow cells reduced by Endoxan treatment.
Isoflavones are large group of secondary metabolites produced in legumes such as soybeans. They have essential biological functions as nutraceutical and health functions for human. They are involved ...in plant resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, symbiotic relationship with nitrogen-fixing organisms and plant competition (allelopathy). In this report, isoflavonoids were expressed in wheat (Triticum aestivum) via introducing the key enzymes Isoflavone Synthase (IFS). Transgenic callli induced from wheat immature embryos were propagated and prepared for bombardment. Five gene constructs were prepared; the binary vector (plasmid) pAHC25, 35S-CRC, 35S-IFS, Oleocin-IFS, Oleocin-IFS-CHI and were used for wheat calli transformation. Putative transgenic calli were used to regenerate transgenic wheat plants. Evaluation of recovered transgenic plants was carried out using PCR, southern bloting of PCR products and IFS-specific probe and HPLC analysis of transgenic plant tissue extracts. Genistein and naranigenin were detected in transgenic plants carrying IFS gene, indicating that the introduced IFS was able to use the endogenous substrate from wheat. IFS showed activity under 35S promoter as well as oleocin promoter. The activity of oleocin promoter in monocots provides a good tool to use plant promoters to drive plant gene expression in plants. This also represents promoter compatibility that the cis acting elements of the oleocin promoter represent binding targets for trans acting elements of wheat. Engineering the isoflavone pathway in wheat would lead to enhancement of nutraceutical value of wheat grains and improvement of wheat resistance to diseases.
Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rubisco, EC 4.1.1.39) catalyzes the first step in the Calvin pentose phosphate cycle. It is composed of eight large subunits and eight small subunits. The ...large subunits are encoded by chloroplast genes (rbcL) and the small subunits are encoded by a nuclear multigene family (rbcS). In this research, the number of rbcS genes in hexaploid wheat Triticum aestivum var. Chinese Spring was estimated, their chromosome-arm locations were determined, two major gene subfamilies were characterized and evolutionary relationships among the family members were described. The gene locations were determined by Southern blot hybridizations of DNA extracted from aneuploid derivatives of wheat variety Chinese Spring. Several Southern blot hybridization experiments were performed in which a 530 bp piece of DNA from exon II of a rbcS gene from wheat (inserted into the pTaySs 3.2) was used as a probe to determine the chromosome locations of the rbcS genes. The results indicate that rbcS genes are located in the long arms of the homoeologous group 5 chromosomes (5AL, 5BL and 5DL) and in the short arms of the homoeologous group 2 chromosomes (2AS, 2BS and 2DS). The rbcS gene family members in hexaploid wheat were divided into more divergent gene subfamilies by using two different 3$\sp\prime$ end specific probes, designated 3$\sp\prime$ end probe I and 3$\sp\prime$ end probe II, in Southern blot hybridization analysis of hexaploid wheat aneuploids. It was found that the rbcS multigene family consists of at least two divergent gene subfamilies. One of them is a small subfamily, rbcS-1, consisting of about three copies per polyhaploid genome. The members of this subfamily are located in 5AL, 5BL and 5DL. The second subfamily, rbcS-2, is large, consisting of about nine copies per polyhaploid genome. The members of this subfamily are distributed between the chromosomes of homoeologous groups 2 and 5. Because of the fact that these two subfamilies do not include every rbcS gene, it is suggested that there exists at least one other subfamily that has not yet been identified. The number of rbcS gene copies at different stringency conditions was estimated by genomic reconstruction analysis and by calculating the numbers and sizes of the DNA fragments produced from Southern blot hybridization experiments. The estimated number of rbcS genes in hexaploid wheat is 16-18 per polyhaploid genome.
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