The purpose of this retrospective study was to assess the change that occurred in the quality of 34 groundwater resources within 10 years from 2011 to 2020 using multivariate statistical methods of ...ArcView GIS, water quality index (WQI), hierarchical cluster analyses (HCA), and hazard quotient (HQ) and also Monte Carlo simulation and sensitivity analyses to estimate the health risk raised by nitrate and fluoride. Our finding showed that the mean and standard deviation of measured parameters, including pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solid, color, calcium, magnesium, sodium, fluoride, chloride, nitrate, sulfate, bicarbonate, and total hardness, were 7.15 ± 0.13, 883 ± 320 (μS/cm), 378 ± 123 (mg/l), 3.86 ± 4.79 (TCU), 95 ± 21 (mg/l), 30 ± 8 (mg/l), 36 ± 13 (mg/l), 0.43 ± 0.14 (mg/l), 37.6 ± 19 (mg/l), 3.4 ± 1.5 (mg/l), 44 ± 10.3 (mg/l), 453 ± 124 (mg/l), and 360 ± 66 (mg/l). This result illustrates that the
WQI
ranged from 49.91 to 107.38, and the water quality was excellent, good, and weak in 11.7%, 74.6%, and 14.7% of samples, respectively. According to the WQI map, the unfavorable groundwater resource was located in areas with a high groundwater level and salty soil. The land use results showed that in areas with residential density, the concentration of nitrates was higher, as a result of which the risk index increased from 2011 to 2021. HQ analysis showed that fluoride and nitrate contents were below the risk limit (HQ < 1); however, HQ of fluoride was more than 1 infant group in 18.4% and 7.9% of samples in the wet season and warm season, respectively; consequently, care is needed to predict the changes in water quality.
Background: Nutrient deficiency such as antioxidants is a common problem in the elderly; it can result in different diseases such as cancer. Accordingly, assessment of the dietary intake of ...antioxidants is necessary to design a specific plan for solving this problem. Methods: This case-control study was conducted on 152 old people (≥60 years) with and without nursing care in nursing care centers in Isfahan, Iran, in 2017. Nutritional assessment was performed by an expert nutritionist using semi-quantitative validated Food Frequency Questionnaire. Nutrition IV software was used as food analyzer. Analysis of covariance and independent t-test were used for data analysis. Results: The mean age of the participants was 68.6 ± 4.9 and 68.9 ± 6.1 years in case and control groups, respectively, and the percentage of male/females in these groups was 46.3%/53.7% and 51.4%/48.6%, respectively. Dietary intake of energy, vitamin E, and selenium was significantly higher (P = 0.041; 0.007; 0.017) while beta-carotene intake was significantly lower in the elderly under nursing care than in the control (P = 0.002). Conclusions: The findings indicated that nursing care leads to improved intake of energy, vitamin E, and selenium, while diminished beta-carotene intake in the elderly. Intake of vitamin E, A, C, zinc, and selenium was high among elderly people with and without care, compared with the dietary reference intake. It seems that further studies are required to confirm these findings.
Analyzing the quality of drinking water and comparing it with standards, provides useful information regarding in the state of water supply and health protection to consumers. In the current ...research, the quality of drinking water in the cities of West Azerbaijan province has been investigated. In the current study, the results of drinking water analysis in 17 counties of West Azerbaijan province (except Urmia city), including 355 analyzes were conducted in 2016. The results were analyzed by SPSS software and compared with the national standard. Based on the analysis, the hardness of drinking water in the West Azerbaijan province ranged from 22 to 912 mg/L as calcium carbonate, and the average of the experiment was measured to be 136 ± 327 mg/L as calcium carbonate. The TDS values in this study were 39–1710 mg/L, and on average 397.7 ± 265.8 mg/L. Also, based on the analyzes performed in this study, the Fluoride concentration was from 0 to 3.45 mg/L, and on average 323.376 ± 0.05 mg/L and the Nitrate concentration was 0–218 mg/L and on average 3.58 ± 1.1 mg/L.
Milk and milk products are the main nutritional foods for all age groups, especially for infants and children. Milk may be dangerous to consume due to the presence of a harmful substance called ...Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1). The objective of this study was to assess the levels of AFM1 in milk, particularly those that exceed the standards set by the European Union (50 ng/L), the Food and Drug Administration (500 ng/L), and the Iranian National Standards Organization (100 ng/L). The study included one hundred and eighty samples of raw cow’s milk from various retail dairy markets in Gorgan, with 45 samples collected during each season. The level of Aflatoxin M1 in the samples was measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. AFM1 was detected in 139 (72.2%) raw cow milk samples with a range of 3.5–357 ng/L. All of the samples collected had Aflatoxin M1 concentration levels that were below the maximum limit of 500 ng/L set by the FDA. However, 41 samples (22.7%) exceeded the EU’s limit of 50 ng/L, and 26 samples (14.4%) exceeded the INSO’s limit of 100 ng/L for Aflatoxin M1 in raw cow’s milk. The lowest and highest AFM1 levels of contamination were detected in the summer and winter seasons, which constituted 32 (71.1%) and 38 (84.4%) samples, respectively. The consumption of raw cow milk can lead to health risks for individuals from various age groups because regulatory limits are not being followed.
Background: Population studies have demonstrated that there is an inverse association between dietary intake of vitamin D and the mean blood pressure in elderly in particular. So, we investigated the ...correlation between vitamin D intake and the mean blood pressure in the elderly with and without nursing care. Methods: Based on a cross-sectional design, this study was conducted on 152 old people with and without nursing care. Assessment of the dietary intake of nutrients was done by an expert dietitian using food frequency questionnaire and nutritionist IV software analyzer. Also, the mean blood pressure was extracted from participants' files. The independent samplet-test, Chi-square test, and partial correlation test were used for data analysis. Results: Mean ± SD age, weight, height, body mass index (BMI) of participants, and the percentage of male/females were 68.7 ± 5.5 years, 63.5 ± 7.9 kg, 162.5 ± 7.1 cm, 24.1 ± 3.4 kg/m2 and 48.7/51.3, respectively. Also, a significant negative relationship was observed between vitamin D intake and systolic blood pressure in all participants (P value = 0.028, r = −0.179). There was no significant correlation between vitamin D intake and diastolic blood pressure (P value = 0.558, r = −0.048). Conclusions: The findings revealed that the nursing care can improve dietary intake of vitamin D in the elderly population. Also, a negative correlation was found between vitamin D intake and systolic blood pressure among all the elderly.
Ck45 Steel was electroless coated with nickel–phosphorus alloy from a bath containing sodium hypophosphite and different complexing agents (sodium citrate, sodium acetate and lactic acid). The effect ...of different complexing agents on phosphorus content, morphology, structure and hardness of the deposits was studied. The coating compositions deposited were determined by using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to study the morphology of coatings. The anti-corrosion properties of Ni–P coatings were investigated in 3.5% NaCl solution by the weight loss and potentiodynamic polarization techniques. It has been found that Ni–P coating obtained using sodium citrate complexing agent with the spherical nodular structure and smooth surface showed higher microhardness and anti-corrosion resistance.
Synthetic dyes are among the most common contaminants of the environment. Therefore, the aim of this study was investigation the removal of Basic Blue 41 (BB41) and Methylene Blue (MB) from ...industrial effluents by useing raw and modified rice stems. In this study raw and modified rice stems treated chemically with Citric Acid (CA) and were used to explore the potentiality of rice stems for removal of BB41 and MB dyes. Effect of various parameters including pH, contact time, adsorbent dose and initial dye concentration on the adsorption were studied. To characterize the adsorbents, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) was used. The adsorbent surface functional groups identified with Fourier Transform InfraRed (FT-IR) spectroscopy.The applicability of the adsorption data was explained by Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and BET isotherms. The results showed that increasing of contact time and adsorbent dose, dye removal increases for both raw and modified adsorbents. Dye adsorption on to adsorbent increased with increasing of pH. Also the results indicated that dye removal efficiency was increased by decreasing initial dye concentration. Among studied isotherms, data were fitted well by Langmuir model (R2>0.98) for both raw and modified adsorbents. Also, adsorption kinetics were more fitted by pseudo second order model (R2>0.99).The results of the present work showed that rice stem was a good, low cost and effective adsorbent for removal of BB14 and MB from industrial effluents.
Fluoride is an essential element for human health. However, excess fluoride in drinking water may cause dental and/or skeletal fluorosis. Drinking water is the main route of fluoride intake. The aim ...of the present study was to measure fluoride levels in human breast milk collected from two regions of Golestan Province, northern Iran with different amount of fluoride concentration of drinking water in Bandar Gaz and Nokande cities and to correlate it with fluoride concentrations in drinking water used by mothers living in these two areas.
Twenty samples of water were collected from seven drinking water wells during 2012 from Bandar Gaz and Nokande in Iran during 2012. Fluoride concentration of water samples was measured using SPADNS method. Sixty breast milk samples were collected from lactating mothers of Bandar Gaz and Nokande cities. Content in breast milk was determined using standard F ion-selective electrode. Spearman's rho correlation analysis was used to assess any possible relationship between fluoride levels in breast milk and in drinking water.
The means and standard deviation for F concentration in breast milk and drinking water were 0.002188±0.00026224 ppm and 0.5850±0.22542 ppm, respectively. Analysis of data showed that the variables were not normally distributed so the Spearman correlation coefficient between two variables calculated (ρ S = 0.65) and it was significant (P=0.002).
Fluoride concentration in water can directly act on its concentration in breast milk. We speculate that modifying F concentration in water can affect accessibility of fluoride for infants.
The main objective of this study is to assess the quality of groundwater for drinking consume and agriculture purposes in abhar city. The analytical results shows higher concentration of electrical ...conductivity (100%), total hardness (66.7%), total dissolved solids (40%), magnesium (23%), Sulfate (13.3%) which indicates signs of deterioration as per WHO and Iranian standards for drinking consume. Agricultural index, in terms of the hardness index, 73.3% of the samples in hard water category and 73.3% in sodium content were classified as good. Therefore, the main problem in the agricultural sector was the total hardness Water was estimated. For the RSC index, all 100% of the samples were desirable. In the physicochemical parameters of drinking water, 100% of the samples were undesirable in terms of electrical conductivity and 100% of the samples were desirable for sodium and chlorine parameters. Therefore, the main water problem in Abhar is related to electrical conductivity and water total hardness.
Hydrogen technology through water electrolyzer systems has attracted a great attention to overcome the energy crisis. So, rationally designed non-noble metal based-electrocatalysts with high activity ...and durability can lead to high performance water electrolyzer systems and high purity hydrogen generation. Herein, a facile two-step method: hydrothermal and electrodeposition, respectively, are developed to decorate highly porous three-dimensional binder-free structure NiFeO/NiO nanosheets array on Ni foam (NiFeO/NiO/NF) with robust adhesion as a high-performance electrode for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER).
The electrodeposition process applied after the initial hydrothermal process provides a stable structure and, in addition, enhances the sluggish hydrogen evolution efficiency. In alkaline media, the developed electrode needs an overpotential of 48 and 188 mV to drive current densities (j) of 10 and 100 mA cm−2, respectively. After continuous 110 h electrochemical stability test under j = 150 mA cm−2 conditions, demonstrates an excellent stability with ignorable activity decrease. Such superior HER catalytic performance can be derived from the synergistic effect between Ni and Fe atoms, also exposure to a high number of active sites on the nanosheets, and good dynamic with effective electron transport along the nanosheets. The present work provides a promising route for the design and fabrication of cost-effective and highly efficient HER electrocatalysts.
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•3D binder-free NiFeO-10/NiO/NF electrocatalyst with nanosheets array has been designed for HER.•The NiFeO-10/NiO/NF exhibits excellent electrocatalytic activity and superior durability for HER.•NiFeO-10/NiO/NF activity is better than that of NiFe-LDH-10/NF and NiO/NF.•The current density of 10 mA cm−2 was achieved at a small overpotential of 48 mV.
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