Twenty-four Mahabadi goat kids (5–6 months of age) were used to evaluate the effects of feeding olive leaves (OL) on performance, carcass traits and antioxidant status. The kids received three ...dietary treatments for 84 d with three levels of OL: 0 (control), 7.5 (OL7.5) and 15 (OL15) % (DM basis). Supplementation with OL had no effects on kid performance (P > 0.05). Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was increased and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration was decreased in plasma blood (P < 0.01) and Longissimus lumborum (LL) muscle (days 1, 4, 7 and 10) of kids (P < 0.01) with increasing level of OL in diet. The activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in LL muscle was increased (P < 0.05) in OL15 fed kids compared with control group. Also, glucose content of serum was decreased by adding OL to kid diets (P < 0.01). Finally, inclusion of OL to kid diets resulted in similar growth performance compared to alfalfa feeding, and improved the antioxidative potential of LL muscle.
•Olive leaf (OL) fed to kids and the antioxidant status was evaluated.•OL inclusion in diet had no adverse effects on kid's performance and carcass traits.•OL improved total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in meat, blood and liver of kids.•Meat lipid oxidation was reduced by OL adding to diet.•OL as a cheap by-product can be used instead of conventional forages in kid feeding.
The effects of feeding pomegranate seed pulp (PSP) on milk yield, milk composition, fatty acid profiles of milk fat, and blood metabolites were examined in this study. During a pretrial period, 27 ...multiparous southern Khorasan (Iran) cross-bred goats were fed a similar diet and dry matter intake, milk yield, and milk composition were recorded. After adaptation and based on pretrial records, the goats were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 experimental diets and were housed in individual stalls. Experimental diets included 0, 6, or 12% of PSP (dry matter basis) and were fed as total mixed rations ad libitum for a 45-d period. Diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isocaloric. Supplementation of PSP did not affect dry matter intake or average daily gain of goats. Milk yield was not affected by inclusion of PSP in the diet. Milk fat concentration of goats fed diets with 6 and 12% PSP increased, but milk fat yield, milk protein concentration, and milk solids-not-fat concentration of goats were not affected by diets. Feeding PSP did not affect blood glucose, cholesterol, urea N, triglyceride, or lipoproteins. Feeding goats a diet containing 12% PSP modified the milk fatty acid profile, including conjugated linoleic, punicic, and vaccenic acids.
•PPE cause an increase in performance parameters of broilers reared under heat stress.•PPE improve the morphology of jejunal in heat stressed broilers.•PPE improve the broiler meat quality during ...refrigeration storage.
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary pomegranate peel extract (PPE) on growth performance, carcass characteristics, serum metabolites, immune response, jejunal morphology, and meat quality of broiler chickens reared under heat stress (HS). Two hundred 1-d-old male broiler chickens were randomly assigned to 4 treatments with 5 replicates of 10 broiler chickens each. The dietary treatments consisted of basal diets supplemented with PPE at levels of 0 (control), 250, 450, and 650 mg PPE/kg. The broiler chickens were subjected to HS (37 ± 1 °C for 7 h/d and 21 ± 1 °C for 17 h/d) from d 25 to 42. Dietary PPE supplementation linearly increased the body weight gain during the starter (P = 0.004) and overall experimental (P = 0.033) periods. Dietary supplementation of PPE quadratically decreased the feed intake during the starter period (P = 0.033). Furthermore, PPE supplementation linearly improved the feed conversion ratio during the finisher (P = 0.035) and overall experimental (P = 0.046) periods. Dietary PPE addition did not affect the relative weights of carcass, breast, thigh, abdominal fat, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, heart, gizzard, bursa of Fabricius, and spleen. Dietary supplementation with PPE linearly reduced the plasma triglycerides (P = 0.049) and alanine aminotransferase (P = 0.005) concentrations, but linearly increased the plasma concentration of high-density lipoprotein at d 24 (P = 0.044). Dietary PPE addition linearly reduced the plasma concentrations of cholesterol (P = 0.035), low-density lipoprotein (P = 0.032), alkaline phosphatase (P = 0.001), and alanine aminotransferase (P = 0.025) at d 42. The primary total anti- sheep RBC titer linearly increased with dietary PPE addition (P = 0.006). It also linearly enhanced the secondary total (P = 0.024) and Ig G (P = 0.045) anti-SRBC titers. The dietary treatments did not affect the jejunal villus height, villus width, and villus height / crypt depth ratio. Dietary PPE supplementation linearly reduced the malondialdehyde concentration in breast muscle during refrigerated storage (P < 0.05); however, linearly increased water holding capacity of breast meat during refrigerated storage (P < 0.05). It is concluded that dietary supplementation with PPE, at levels up to 650 mg/kg, improved the growth performance and plasma lipid profile of broiler chickens reared under HS. Furthermore, dietary PPE addition also preserved the quality of meat during refrigerated storage.
•Effect of olive leaves (OL) on meat quality of male kids was determined.•OL are high in unsaturated fatty acids.•The meat of OL-receiving kids was higher in CLA, MUFA and PUFA.•Meat and subcutaneous ...fat n-6/n-3 ratios of kids fed OL were lower than control.
Effect of increasing levels of olive leaves in the diet on intake, growth rate and meat quality of kids was studied. Twenty-four Mahabadi kids (initial body weight (BW) of 21.3 ± 1.14 kg and 5–6 months of age) were randomly assigned to three groups (n = 8). One group was fed a basal diet as control (without OL) while the diet of the other two groups was modified by substituting 7.5 % (OL7.5) and 15 % (OL15) of the control with OL. The results showed that total dry matter intake and growth performance were not affected by diets (P > 0.05). Feeding OL increased the concentrations of C18:1 (P < 0.001), C18:2 n-6 (P < 0.05), C18:3 n-3 (P < 0.001), n-6 PUFA (P < 0.001) and n-3 PUFA (P < 0.05) and decreased the C16:0 (P < 0.05), C18:0 (P < 0.01) and the ratio of n-6/n-3 (P < 0.05) in both muscle and adipose tissues. An important increase (P < 0.01) was observed in CLA of meat, with increasing OL level in diet. The present study indicated that the OL may have favorable impact on improving meat fatty acid profile.
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary pomegranate seed pulp (PSP) on meat color and lipid stability of kids. Thirty-two Mahabadi male kids were randomly assigned to one of four ...diets with different levels of PSP: 1 — diet without PSP (Control), 2 — diet containing 5% PSP (PSP5), 3 — diet containing 10% PSP (PSP10), and 4 — diet containing 15% PSP (PSP15). The kids were slaughtered at the end of the study and m. longissimus lumborum (LL) was sampled. The TBARS values of both raw and cooked meat were decreased (P<0.0001) by increasing levels of PSP in the diet. The meat of kids fed PSP15 showed higher a* and C* values (P<0.01) and lower H* and b* values (P<0.001), than kids fed with Control diet. The results of this experiment indicated that replacing barley and corn grains with PSP in the diet may improve the color and lipid stability of kid meat.
•Pomegranate seed pulp (PSP) as a by-product feedstuff in kid diet was evaluated.•PSP decreased lipid oxidation and improved color stability of kid meat.•PSP was found to be a cost effective antioxidant rich feedstuff for ruminant nutrition.
•Pomegranate seed pulp (PSP) was added up to 150g/kg DM in fattening kid diets.•Diets containing PSP increased intramuscular fat content of kid meat.•Dietary PSP decreased shear force and total ...aerobic bacterial count of meat.•Dietary PSP increased CLA, CLnA and other beneficial FA in muscle and adipose tissues.•PSP inclusion in diet is useful in kid meat preservation.
The effect of level of dried pomegranate seed pulp (PSP) in the diet of kids on meat quality and fatty acid profiles of intramuscular and subcutaneous fat was studied. Thirty two Mahabadi kids were randomly allocated to four dietary treatments: without PSP (control), containing 50g PSP/kg DM (PSP5), containing 100g PSP/kg DM (PSP10), and containing 150g PSP/kg DM (PSP15). At the end of the 84-day feeding trial, the kids were slaughtered and m. longissimus lumborum (LL) and subcutaneous adipose tissues were sampled. Addition of PSP linearly increased (P=0.01) fat content and decreased (P<0.01) shear force, drip loss, total aerobic bacterial count and lipid oxidation of LL muscle. Feeding PSP diets linearly increased the concentrations of C18:2 n-6 (P<0.01), C18:3 n-3 (P<0.001), n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA; P<0.01) and n-3 PUFA (P<0.001) and decreased (P<0.05) the ratio of n-6/n-3 in both muscle and adipose tissues. A linear increase was observed in vaccenic acid (VA, P<0.01), conjugated linoleic acid (CLA; P<0.001) and punicic acid (PUA; P<0.001) concentration in subcutaneous and intramuscular fat, with increasing PSP level in diet. In conclusion, PSP supplementation of kid's diet up to 150g/kg DM can improve the nutritional and functional properties of meat.
The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effects of dietary pomegranate seed oil and linseed oil on lactational performance, ruminal fermentation parameters, nutrients digestibility ...and milk fatty acid (FA) content, particularly conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), conjugated linolenic acid (CLnA) and vaccenic acid (VA) of dairy goats. Twenty-four Mahabadi goats in mid lactation were assigned to three dietary treatments: 1- control diet, basal diet without added oil (CON), 2- diet supplemented with 25g/kg pomegranate seed oil (PSO), and 3- diet supplemented with 25g/kg linseed oil (LSO), on a dry matter (DM) basis. Feed intake, milk yield and 4% fat-corrected milk yield were similar for goats fed different diets. Milk fat concentration (P<0.01) and fat/ protein ratio (P<0.0001) of goats fed PSO and LSO diets increased, while milk protein, lactose and solid not fat concentrations were not affected by diets (P>0.05). Addition of vegetable oils to diet had no effect on apparent digestibility of nutrients and ruminal fermentation parameters (P>0.05). The proportions of VA (P<0.001) and C18:1 (trans-9+trans-10, P<0.01) acids were increased in milk fat from goats fed PSO and LSO diets compared with goats fed CON diet. The concentration of cis-9, trans-11 CLA (rumenic acid) increased with oil supplements (P<0.0001) and was greatest for goats fed PSO diet. Compared with CON and LSO diets, feeding PSO diet increased cis-9, trans-11, cis-13 C18:3 CLnA (punicic acid) in milk fat (P<0.0001). The concentrations of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA; P<0.05), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA; P<0.0001) and n-3PUFA (P<0.0001) increased and n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio (P<0.0001) decreased with oil supplemented diets. In conclusion, feeding PSO and LSO to dairy goats was a useful way to increase milk fat, CLA, and VA content of milk and to reduce the n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio without negative effects on intake, milk yield, and nutrients digestibility.
•Pomegranate seed oil and linseed oil were fed to lactating goats.•Dietary oils did not change digestibility of nutrients and ruminal parameters.•Dietary pomegranate seed oil and linseed oil increased fat content of milk.•Dietary pomegranate seed oil and linseed oil increased VA and CLA content of milk.•Dietary added oils increased MUFA and PUFA and decreased n-6/n-3 PUFA.
The effect on performance of adding calcium (Ca)-butyrate and Oleobiotec (a flavouring agent) additives to dairy calf starter diet was investigated. Thirty-two newborn Holstein calves (16 males and ...16 females) were used in a completely randomized design with four treatments as: (1) diet with no additives, (2) diet containing Ca-butyrate, (3) diet containing Oleobiotec and (4) diet containing Ca-butyrate plus Oleobiotec. Milk of calves was supplemented with additives in the first 20 days of the study and then additives were top-dressed into the starter. Calcium-butyrate had no effect on starter and alfalfa intake during pre-weaning, post-weaning and over the whole trial period but it significantly increased the average daily gain and feed efficiency of calves during post-weaning and the whole trial period. Adding Oleobiotec did not change calf performance significantly. Furthermore, no synergistic effect of experimental additives on calf performance was observed.
This experiment aimed to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of saffron petal (SP) on lactation performance, nutrients digestibility, and antioxidant status of dairy goats. Eighteen ...multiparous Saanen goats were randomly divided into three groups and fed with one of experimental diets containing 0 (control), 1.5, and 3% of SP (DM basis). Dry matter intake (DMI) and milk yield were recorded daily. The individual blood samples were collected on days 0, 21, 42 and antioxidant capacity was measured in blood. The milk samples were collected on weeks 1, 3 and 6 of the trial and analyzed for antioxidant status. DMI, body weight (BW) and nutrients digestibility were similar following SP ingestion. Compared with control, supplementation with 3% SP increased milk production (P ≤ 0.05). Of all milk components, only the protein content was increased (P ≤ 0.05) in goats receiving 3% SP diet. Plasma glucose and cholesterol decreased (P ≤ 0.05) in goats fed 3% SP. The plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) was depressed and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was enhanced in both plasma and milk of goats fed 3% SP. Likewise, the activity of glutathione peroxides (GPx) was enhanced (P ≤ 0.05) with 3% SP supplementation, however, no differences were observed for the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the blood. Overall, the findings implied that SP supplementation (up to 3% DM of diet) for lactating goats increased milk yield and improved the antioxidant status of blood and milk without deleterious effects on DMI and nutrients digestibility.
•Supplementation with 3% SP increased milk yield and milk protein content.•Plasma glucose and cholesterol decreased in goats fed 3% SP.•Milk and blood total antioxidant capacity and the activity of blood glutathione peroxides increased with 3% SP feeding.•SP supplementation up to 3% DM of diet of lactating goats improved the antioxidant status of blood and milk.
•Cereal grains of kid's diet can partially replace by pomegranate seed pulp (PSP).•PSP inclusion in diet does not affect kid's growth performance.•PSP inclusion in diet decreases cost of meat ...production.•PSP inclusion in diet enhances antioxidant capacity of kid's tissues.•PSP is found to be a cost effective antioxidant rich feedstuff in ruminant production.
The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effect of partial replacing of cereal grains of diet with pomegranate seed pulp (PSP) on performance, nutrient digestibility and antioxidant capacity of fattening Mahabadi goat kids. Thirty-two Mahabadi male goat kids, 4–5 months of age and 16.5±2.8kg body weight (BW) were assigned to four dietary treatments: (1) diet without PSP (control), (2) diet containing 5% of PSP (PSP5), (3) diet containing 10% of PSP (PSP10), and (4) diet containing 15% of PSP (PSP15) (DM basis). The kids were slaughtered after 84d of feeding trial and antioxidant capacity was measured in the liver and longissimus lumborum (LL) muscle samples. Dry matter intake (DMI), average daily gain (ADG), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were not affected by diets (P>0.05). Feed cost per kg of hot and cold carcass weight decreased with increasing levels of PSP in diet (P<0.05). Addition of PSP to diet decreased kidney fat (P<0.05) and tended to increase ether extract (EE) apparent digestibility (P=0.07). The LL muscle (P<0.05), liver (P=0.08) and plasma (P<0.05) samples from kids fed PSP15 displayed a greater antioxidant capacity than kids fed control diet. No significant difference was found in glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity among the groups (P>0.05), but the malondialdehyde (MDA) content of the LL muscle, liver and plasma decreased (P<0.05) in PSP15 group when compared with control group. The results of this study indicated that partial replacing of dietary cereal grains with PSP did not affect growth performance, carcass traits and nutrient digestibility, while decreased cost of meat production and improved the antioxidant capacity of kids.
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