Novozym 435 (N435) is a commercially available immobilized lipase produced by Novozymes. It is based on immobilization
via
interfacial activation of lipase B from
Candida antarctica
on a resin, ...Lewatit VP OC 1600. This resin is a macroporous support formed by poly(methyl methacrylate) crosslinked with divinylbenzene. N435 is perhaps the most widely used commercial biocatalyst in both academy and industry. Here, we review some of the success stories of N435 (in chemistry, energy and lipid manipulation), but we focus on some of the problems that the use of this biocatalyst may generate. Some of these problems are just based on the mechanism of immobilization (interfacial activation) that may facilitate enzyme desorption under certain conditions. Other problems are specific to the support: mechanical fragility, moderate hydrophilicity that permits the accumulation of hydrophilic compounds (
e.g.
, water or glycerin) and the most critical one, support dissolution in some organic media. Finally, some solutions (N435 coating with silicone, enzyme physical or chemical crosslinking, and use of alternative supports) are proposed. However, the N435 history, even with these problems, may continue in the coming future due to its very good properties if some simpler alternative biocatalysts are not developed.
Novozym 435 (N435) is a commercially available immobilized lipase produced by Novozymes with its advantages and drawbacks.
This manuscript describes a novel class of N-acylhydrazone (NAH) derivatives that act as histone deacetylase (HDAC) 6/8 dual inhibitors and were designed from the structure of trichostatin A (1). ...Para-substituted phenyl-hydroxamic acids presented a more potent inhibition of HDAC6/8 than their meta analogs. In addition, the effect of compounds (E)-4-((2-(4-(dimethylamino)benzoyl)hydrazono)methyl)-N-hydroxybenzamide (3c) and (E)-4-((2-(4-(dimethylamino)benzoyl)-2-methylhydrazono)methyl)-N-hydroxybenzamide (3f) on the acetylation of α-tubulin revealed an increased level of acetylation. These two compounds also affected cell migration, indicating their inhibition of HDAC6. An analysis of the antiproliferative activity of these compounds, which presented the most potent activity, showed that compound 3c induced cell cycle arrest and 3g induced apoptosis through caspase 3/7 activation. These results suggest HDAC6/8 as a potential target of future molecular therapies for cancer.
Variability in snake venom composition is well-documented and crucial for understanding snake ecology and predicting snakebites. In this study, we characterize the venom composition and biological ...activities of newborn female and male Bothrops moojeni and their mother. Our results reveal significant differences between the venom of newborn females and males, demonstrating a broad and diverse range of proteins. The venoms of newborn females showed higher serine protease effects, increased hemorrhagic activity, and greater lethality compared to the venom of newborn males. However, no differences were observed in phospholipase A2 and coagulant activity. The differences in protein composition and toxic activities between maternal and neonatal venom, as well as between the venoms of newborn females and males, contribute to understanding the diverse outcomes of snakebites. These results underscore the importance of considering sex and ontogeny in understanding venom composition in snakes.
Diabetic-metabolic syndrome (MetS-D) has a high prevalence worldwide, in which an association with the rupture of the intestinal epithelium barrier function (IEBF) has been pointed out, but the ...functional and morphological properties are still not well understood. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of acute hyperglycemia diabetes on intestinal tight junction proteins, metabolic failure, intestinal ion and water transports, and IEBF parameters. Diabetes was induced in male Rattus norvegicus (200-310 g) with 0.5 mL of streptozotocin (70 mg/kg). Glycemic and clinical parameters were evaluated every 7 days, and intestinal parameters were evaluated on the 14th day. The MetS-D animals showed a clinical pattern of hyperglycemia, with increases in the area of villi and crypts, lactulose:mannitol ratio, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and intestinal tissue concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA), but showed a reduction in reduced glutathione (GSH) when these parameters were compared to the control. The MetS-D group had increased secretion of Na+, K+, Cl-, and water compared to the control group in ileal tissue. Furthermore, we observed a reduction in mRNA transcript of claudin-2, claudin-15, and NHE3 and increases of SGLT-1 and ZO-1 in the MetS-D group. These results showed that MetS-D triggered intestinal tissue inflammation, oxidative stress, complex alterations in gene regulatory protein transcriptions of intestinal transporters and tight junctions, damaging the IEBF and causing hydroelectrolyte secretion.
L. is a subshrub used in traditional medicine in different parts of the world, namely in Europe and the Iberian Peninsula. According to reported folk knowledge, the aerial parts are mainly used as ...diuretics and the underground organs are used for the treatment of disorders of the urinary system and as a laxative. In this work, the aerial part and the roots and rhizomes of
were chemically characterized with regard to the content of phenolic compounds and bioactive properties. Aqueous (infusions and decoctions) preparations and hydroethanolic extracts from the two mentioned parts of the plant were prepared. Nine phenolic compounds were detected in all the extracts. Apigenin-
-hexoside-
-pentoside isomer II was the major compound in aqueous extracts and, in the hydroethanolic extract was quercetin-
-deoxyhexoside-hexoside followed by apigenin-
-hexoside-
-pentoside isomer II. All extracts revealed antioxidant activity and potential to inhibit some of the assayed bacteria; aqueous extracts of the aerial part and infusions of roots and rhizomes did not show cytotoxic effects on a non-tumor primary cell culture. This preliminary study provides suggestions of the biological potential associated with the empirical uses and knowledge of this species, in particular its bioactivities.
Basidiomata of Phallales have a diversified morphology with adhesive gleba that exudes an odor, usually unpleasant that attracts mainly insects, which disperse the basidiospores. The genus Blumenavia ...belongs to the family Clathraceae and, based on morphological features, only two species are currently recognized: B. rhacodes and B. angolensis. However, the morphological characters adopted in species delimitations within this genus are inconsistent, and molecular data are scarce. The present study aimed to review and identify informative characters that contribute to the delimitation of Blumenavia species. Exsiccates from America and Africa were analyzed morphologically, and molecularly, using ITS, LSU, ATP6, RPB2 and TEF-1α markers for Maximum Parsimony, Bayesian and Maximum likelihood analyses, and also for coalescent based species delimitations (BP&P), as well as for bPTP, PhyloMap, Topo-phylogenetic and Geophylogenetic reconstructions. According to our studies, seven species can be considered in the genus: B. rhacodes and B. angolensis are maintained, B. usambarensis and B. toribiotalpaensis are reassessed, and three new species are proposed, B. baturitensis Melanda, M.P. Martín & Baseia, sp. nov., B. crucis-hellenicae G. Coelho, Sulzbacher, Grebenc & Cortez, sp. nov., and B. heroica Melanda, Baseia & M.P. Martín, sp. nov. Blumenavia rhacodes is typified by selecting a lectotype and an epitype. Macromorphological characters considered informative to segregate and delimit the species through integrative taxonomy include length of the basidiomata, color, width and presence of grooves on each arm as well as the glebifer position and shape. These must be clearly observed while the basidiomata are still fresh. Since most materials are usually analyzed after dehydration and deposit in collections, field techniques and protocols to describe fugacious characters from fresh specimen are demanded, as well as the use of molecular analysis, in order to better assess recognition and delimitation of species in Blumenavia.
In this work, a new aluminum fumarate MOF was investigated regarding its water stability and CO2 adsorption in the presence and absence of water. The adsorption equilibrium isotherms were measured at ...303, 323, and 348 K for CO2 and at 288 and 313 K for water vapor. Water vapor adsorption isotherms are type IV and were fit using the Langmuir-Ising model. The adsorption capacity of CO2 at 303 K and 1.0 bar was 2.1 mmol/g and remained constant after exposure to humidity and regeneration. The isosteric heats of adsorption were 21 and 44 kJ/mol for CO2 and H2O, respectively. Fixed bed experiments were performed at 303 K to determine breakthrough curves of CO2, water vapor, and the CO2/water vapor mixture. Binary breakthrough indicated a reduction of only 17% in CO2 adsorption capacity for a stream with 14% RH. The remarkable stability of this MOF suits it for such applications as CO2 capture and thermal storage with water.
Most Escherichia coli strains live harmlessly in the intestines and rarely cause disease in healthy individuals. Nonetheless, a number of pathogenic strains can cause diarrhea or extraintestinal ...diseases both in healthy and immunocompromised individuals. Diarrheal illnesses are a severe public health problem and a major cause of morbidity and mortality in infants and young children, especially in developing countries. E. coli strains that cause diarrhea have evolved by acquiring, through horizontal gene transfer, a particular set of characteristics that have successfully persisted in the host. According to the group of virulence determinants acquired, specific combinations were formed determining the currently known E. coli pathotypes, which are collectively known as diarrheagenic E. coli. In this review, we have gathered information on current definitions, serotypes, lineages, virulence mechanisms, epidemiology, and diagnosis of the major diarrheagenic E. coli pathotypes.
The aim of this in vitro study was to analyze the effect of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) on the proliferation and undifferentiating status of stem cell from human exfoliated deciduous teeth ...(SHEDs). PBMT was carried out with an aluminum gallium indium phosphide (InGaAlP) diode laser in contact and punctual mode (continuous wave, 660 nm, 20 mW, 0.028 cm
2
, and average energy densities of 1 (1 s), 3 (4 s), 5 (7 s), 10 (14 s), 15 (21 s), or 20 (28 s) J/cm
2
per point). The immunoprofile of the SHEDs was analyzed using flow cytometry. Cell proliferation was assessed by the MTT reduction assay. Gene expressions of mesenchymal stem cell markers (
OCT4
,
Nestin
,
CD90
, and
CD105
) were assessed by RT-qPCR 48 h after PBMT. Data were compared by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s test (
p
≤ 0.05). Cells cultured under nutritional deficit and treated with PBMT at 5 J/cm
2
presented similar cell growth than those of positive control group. Cell growth was significantly higher than those of other groups. Mesenchymal stem cell gene markers were still expressed after PBMT at 5 J/cm
2
. In a short-term analysis, PBMT increases the number of stem cells with no interference in the undifferentiated state of the irradiated cells, which opens wide possibilities for application in tissue regeneration.
Acrolein is the main toxic metabolite of ifosfamide (IFO) that causes urothelial damage by oxidative stress and inflammation. Here, we investigate the molecular mechanism of action of gingerols,
...Zingiber officinale
bioactive molecules, as an alternative treatment for ifosfamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis. Female Swiss mice were randomly divided into 5 groups: control; IFO; IFO + Mesna; and IFO + 8- or 10-gingerol. Mesna (80 mg/kg, i.p.) was given 5 min before, 4 and 8 h after IFO (400mg/kg, i.p.). Gingerols (25 mg/kg, p.o.) were given 1 h before and 4 and 8 h after IFO. Animals were euthanized 12 h after IFO injection. Bladders were submitted to macroscopic and histological evaluation. Oxidative stress and inflammation were assessed by malondialdehyde (MDA) or myeloperoxidase assays, respectively. mRNA gene expression was performed to evaluate mesna and gingerols mechanisms of action. Mesna was able to protect bladder tissue by activating NF-κB and NrF2 pathways. However, we demonstrated that gingerols acted as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent stimulating the expression of IL-10, which intracellularly activates JAK/STAT/FOXO signaling pathway.
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![[8] and [10]-Gingerol reduc...](http://api.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/image/issn/XR4PS5YY4K/0028-1298/small "[8] and [10]-Gingerol reduces urothelial damage in ifosfamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis via JAK/STAT/FOXO signaling pathway via IL-10")