Squamous intraepithelial lesions (SILs) of the larynx, clinically usually defined as leukoplakia and chronic laryngitis, have remained the main controversial topic in laryngeal pathology for decades ...as regards classification, histological diagnosis and treatment. SILs are caused by smoking and alcohol abuse. There is also mounting evidence that gastroesophageal reflux is a potential aetiological factor. Human papillomavirus infection seems to play little if any role in laryngeal carcinogenesis.
Histological classification of SILs is the central disputed aspect of these lesions. There are as yet no generally accepted criteria for histological grading of laryngeal SILs. Three currently used classifications of SILs are reviewed here: the dysplasia system, the Ljubljana classification and the binary system of squamous intraepithelial neoplasia. One of the most important issues of SILs is the risk of malignant transformation. Data in the literature are controversial because of inconsistent use of morphological criteria in different classifications. It is often difficult for clinicians to agree on the most appropriate therapeutic option for a particular grade of SIL that has been diagnosed. Transition from normal epithelium to SILs and squamous cell carcinoma is related to progressive accumulation of genetic changes leading to a clonal population of transformed epithelial cells. Despite extensive research into these genetic changes in laryngeal carcinogenesis, reliable genetic markers with diagnostic and prognostic value are still lacking.
Uvod: Novoizšolanim medicinskim sestram in babicam je mnogo šol po svetu podeljevalo značko za nošenje na njihovi uniformi. Značke so različno poimenovane: šolske, sestrske, babiške ali diplomske ...značke. Cilj zgodovinske raziskave, katere namen je ohraniti védenje o tej naši kulturni dediščini, je bil ugotoviti, katere slovenske zdravstvene šole so značke podeljevale in kakšne so le-te bile.
Metode: Pisnih virov o tej temi skoraj ni, zato je bilo opravljenih 346 intervjujev z upokojenimi in aktivnimi medicinskimi sestrami, babicami, otroškimi negovalkami ali njihovimi svojci. Značke, ki jih še hranijo, so bile dokumentirane s fotografiranjem. Zbranih je bilo tudi nekaj arhivskih fotografij, na katerih je nošenje značk na uniformah dobro vidno. Raziskava je potekala od junija 2013 do decembra 2016.
Rezultati: V Sloveniji so vse nekdanje šole za medicinske sestre, babice in otroške negovalke vsem ob uspešno zaključenem šolanju poleg listine podelile tudi značko šole. Prve značke so bile podeljene leta 1925. Po reformi srednjega šolstva (1981/82) značk niso več podeljevali. Dokumentiranih je pet značk z različnimi simbolnimi motivi in njihove številne variante zaradi preimenovanja šol. Nekaj manj kot petina (19 %) intervjuvanih svojo značko še hrani.
Diskusija in zaključek: Značke so dokaz nastanka in razvoja zdravstvenih šol in so del slovenske zgodovine zdravstvene nege. Svoje mesto bi morale najti v muzeju, morda tudi v samostojnem muzeju zdravstvene nege, v kakršnih so hranjene drugod po svetu.
Rogaška Slatina health resort was promoted by many doctors, but their names have been almost or completely forgotten by now. One of those doctors was also Professor Dr. Julius Glax. He worked in ...Rogaška Slatina as a health resort physician and during this time he published numerous articles on the therapeutic effects of Rogaška Slatina mineral water. He emphasized that mineral water treatment proved to have a healing effect in various diseases. He also wrote about different types of Rogaška Slatina mineral springs and represented Rogaška Slatina as an important medical health resort. He also held lectures on these topics in Graz Medical Association and in Austrian Academy of Sciences in Vienna.
Many nursing and midwifery schools in many countries around the world awarded or still award graduation badges or pins to their graduates. All graduates from different parts of the former Kingdom of ...Yugoslavia and later the Republic of Yugoslavia educated in Slovenian healthcare schools received badges from these schools. Some of the graduates later employed in medical institutions across former Yugoslavia wore these badges on their uniforms. The main purpose of this historical research was to establish which Slovenian health care schools awarded the graduation badges and what they looked like. It was also investigated why the badges ceased to be awarded and what motivated Angela Boškin Faculty of Health Care in Jesenice to reintroduce awarding the badges.
Due to a lack of written sources, we conducted 393 face to face and telephonic interviews with former badge recipients across Slovenia. Their existing badges were photographed. On the authors' initiative, a private collection of badges was started.
It has been established that in the 20th century all Slovenian secondary health schools awarded badges. The Nursing College, Ljubljana also awarded graduation badges. Five different types of badges in many variants were issued. The first badges were awarded to graduates by Slovenian oldest Nursing School, Ljubljana in 1925. The badges ceased to be awarded in the late 1970s and the early 1980s. Some questions about probable reasons for cessation of awarding badges remain unanswered. Less than a fifth of interviewees kept their badges. Graduating nursing badges were reintroduced in Slovenia in 2017 with a new badge which is presented and depicted in this article. The motivation for the reintroduction of graduating badges is also investigated.
Unfortunately, many Slovenian nurses and midwives are not sufficiently aware of the meaning and importance of their badges. Although badges are important for professional image and identity of nurses, badges as a symbol of nursing have become almost completely forgotten. Graduation badges are miniature works of art and are proof of the existence and development of Slovenian healthcare schools. Nursing badges present a part of nursing history as well as being our cultural heritage. The badges deserve to be written and talked about and should be displayed in a planned future Slovenian Health Care Museum.
Introduction: Around the world schools of nursing and midwifery awarded their graduates with badges or pins. The pins are referred to with different names: school, nurse/midwives or graduation pins. ...The goal of this historical research was, in addition to preserving knowledge on this cultural tradition, also to establish which Slovenian schools presented these pins and what they looked like. Methods: There are almost no written sources related to this topic, so 346 interviews with currently employed nurses and midwives as well as retired nurses and midwives or their relatives were conducted. Photographs exhibiting pins on nurses or midwives uniforms were also collected. The research was conducted from June 2013 to December 2016. Results: It has been established that all graduates of Slovenian nursing and midwifery schools were presented with graduation pins. The earliest pins were awarded in 1925. After the educational reform of secondary schools in 1981/82 the pins were no longer presented. Five types of pins with different symbolic motifs were documented. Less than a fifth (19 %) of the interviewees still have the pins in their possession. Discussion and conclusion: The pins provide evidence of the foundation and development of healthcare schools and present a part of Slovenian nursing history. They should be put in a museum or maybe even in an independent museum of healthcare as it is customary elsewhere around the world.
Eleonora Jenko (1879-1959), married Groyer from the year 1907, was promoted as the first Slovenian physician at the Women's Medical Institute in St. Peterburg on February 14, 1907. She studied in ...Russia, because her parents felt sympathetic towards Russian nation, and because women in Austro-Hungarian Empire were not allowed to continue their education at Gymnasiums or at the Universities. Her obtained diploma could not be nostrified in AustroHungarian Empire; she only received the recognition of its equivalency. She could only perform her professional medical work in the former region of Kranjska (Krain) and at the Austrian coast (Küstenland). She was the first female physician who opened an independent medical practice in Opatija. At the beginning of the Great War she returned to Ljubljana and practiced as a physician in Grosuplje. She was not entitled to sign her name as a Doctor, as her diploma has not yet been nostrified. In order to nostrificate her diploma in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes she had to take the exams in Pharmacology and Forensic Medicine at the Zagreb Medical Faculty. On June 15, 1921 she was promoted again, and the same year she opened her medical practice as the first female physician in Ljubljana. She worked her whole life as an independent physician, as all her applications for the public office were rejected.
Eleonora Jenko (1879-1959), married Groyer from the year 1907, was promoted as the first Slovenian physician at the Women's Medical Institute in St. Peterburg on February 14, 1907. She studied in ...Russia, because her parents felt sympathetic towards Russian nation, and because women in Austro-Hungarian Empire were not allowed to continue their education at Gymnasiums or at the Universities. Her obtained diploma could not be nostrified in AustroHungarian Empire; she only received the recognition of its equivalency. She could only perform her professional medical work in the former region of Kranjska (Krain) and at the Austrian coast (Küstenland). She was the first female physician who opened an independent medical practice in Opatija. At the beginning of the Great War she returned to Ljubljana and practiced as a physician in Grosuplje. She was not entitled to sign her name as a Doctor, as her diploma has not yet been nostrified. In order to nostrificate her diploma in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes she had to take the exams in Pharmacology and Forensic Medicine at the Zagreb Medical Faculty. On June 15, 1921 she was promoted again, and the same year she opened her medical practice as the first female physician in Ljubljana. She worked her whole life as an independent physician, as all her applications for the public office were rejected.
Eleonora Jenko (18791959), married Groyer from the year 1907, was promoted as the rst Slovenian physician at the Womens Medical Institute in St. Peterburg on February 14, 1907. She studied in Russia ...because her parents felt sympathetic towards Russian nation, and because women in Austro-Hungarian Empire were not allowed to continue their education at Gymnasiums or at the Universities. Her obtained diploma could not be nostried in Austro- Hungarian Empire; she only received the recognition of its equivalency. She could only perform her professional medical work in the former region of Kranjska (Krain) and at the Austrian coast (Kstenland). She was the rst female physician who opened an independent medical practice in Opatija. At the beginning of the Great War she returned to Ljubljana and practiced as a physician in Grosuplje. She was not entitled to sign her name as a Doctor, as her diploma hads not yet been granted recognition. In order to nostrify her diploma in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes she had to pass the exams in Pharmacology and Forensic Medicine at the Zagreb Medical Faculty. On June 15, 1921 she was promoted again, and in the same year she opened her medical practice as the rst female physician in Ljubljana. She worked her whole life as a private physician, as all her applications for a public office were rejected.
The immunohistochemical phenotype, distribution and significance of proliferation of myofibroblasts in laryngeal epithelial hyperplastic lesions (EHL) and squamous carcinoma (SC) were analyzed.
...Samples of 42 resected larynxes and 40 laryngeal biopsies of EHL and SC were included. Immunohistochemistry was performed using antibodies against vimentin, alpha-smooth muscle actin (SMA), desmin and leukocyte common antigen.
Myofibroblasts were vimentin- and SMA-positive, and were found exclusively in SC, indicating that invasion beyond the basement membrane is necessary to evoke a myofibroblastic stromal reaction. We observed two patterns of stromal reaction in SC: one was characterized by a marked proliferation of myofibroblasts and desmoplasia, with scarce lymphocytic infiltration; this pattern tended to be associated with well- or moderately differentiated SC. The other was characterized by few myofibroblasts, weak desmoplasia, and dense lymphocytic infiltration; the latter pattern tended to be associated with moderately or poorly differentiated SC. The degree of myofibroblast proliferation was inversely related to the density of lymphocytic infiltration. Antibodies against SMA also stained stromal blood vessels, demonstrating a gradual increase of vessel density as the grade of EHL increased.
Immunohistochemical analysis of myofibroblasts provides useful information on the phenotypic characteristics of the stroma in laryngeal EHL and SC, and can serve as an additional marker of invasion.
PDF
