Deformation bands (DB) are ubiquitous structural elements that can be found in Miocene pre- and syn-rift sediments of the extensional Pannonian Basin, central Europe. Across the field sites we see ...examples of disaggregation to cataclastic DB sets and evidence of frequent reactivation by discrete faulting. Thin section analysis, cross-cutting relationships and well-defined time constraints of analysed brittle structures demonstrate that with increased burial depth, DB deformation mechanisms progressed from granular flow to cataclasis.
The DB sets were classified into 10 deformation phases based on formerly published independent fault-slip analysis and structural mapping. Subsidence curves were constructed for each stratigraphic level involved in deformation and were used along with the intersection of deformation episodes to calculate the depth intervals of DB generations and subsequent structural elements. The DB formation depths obtained were transferred to the depth range of the related mechanisms. This combined methodology permits a more quantitative approach to determine the changes in the deformation mechanisms with depth.
Our results show that granular flow (disaggregation bands) dominates down to 100–150 m as the earliest deformation structure, followed by weak then moderate cataclasis. The transition between weak and moderate cataclasis is at approximately 300 ± 100 m for host rock rich in feldspar or fragile tuffitic components and from around 900 ± 100 m in quartz-rich sediments. In addition, deformation by frictional sliding concentrates on discrete fault planes at the margin of cataclastic bands or on new fracture planes from ∼500 ± 100 m in volcanoclastic or feldspar rich host rocks, and 1000 ± 100 m in quartz-rich host rocks.
We suggest that burial-induced diagenetic processes is dependent on subsidence history, and partly in connection with regional fluid migration path, control the transition from moderate or advanced cataclasis to discrete fault slip. All these changes affect the pore structure and porosity that contribute to rheological changes, and hence change in deformation mechanism of coeval fracturing events.
•Comparative study of distinct type of brittle structures contributes to understanding of deformation mechanisms during burial.•Fault-slip and subsidence curve analyses are undertaken to understand the temporal evolution of deformation mechanisms.•The finer depth calibration of deformation mechanism permits to predict the role of distinct types of DBs on fluid migration.
Recognizing salt‐related structures and differentiating them from tectonic shortening‐related anticlines and synclines can be a very challenging task in salt‐bearing fold‐and‐thrust belts, especially ...in poor outcrop conditions. In this study, we explain several diagnostic structural and sedimentary features that may be used to distinguish pre‐orogenic halokinetic structures from shortening‐related structures on the example of the Silica Nappe (Inner Western Carpathians, Central Europe). Detailed structural mapping in this area resulted in the recognition of several pre‐orogenic salt‐related structures, including linear salt walls and minibasins. Initial evaporite movement started as early as the late Early Triassic, and widespread diapirism occurred during the Middle to Late Triassic, ultimately leading to facies differentiation, with carbonate platform growth in the subsiding minibasins and reduced basinal deposition on top of the diapirs. Later, the inherited salt structures localized the deformation during the Cretaceous Alpine orogeny, and exerted a strong control on the geometry and kinematics of the subsequent deformations. Our new interpretation explains previously unsolved structural problems in the Silica Nappe, like pre‐orogenic thickness variations during the post‐rift phase, frequent young‐on‐older type thrust contacts and multiple folding directions with variable vergencies. The results point out that the Silica Nappe is a fold‐and‐thrust belt, where pre‐orogenic salt tectonics and its effects on the fold‐and‐thrust belt evolution can be studied in detail.
Key Points
Structural mapping resulted in the first recognition of pre‐orogenic salt structures in the Western Carpathians
Triassic syn‐sedimentary evaporite deformation led to minibasin formation, variations in formation thickness and facies differentiation
The results provide guidelines on how to distinguish inherited salt structures from shortening‐related structures in fold‐and‐thrust belts
Paleogene karst bauxites in the northeastern Transdanubian Range and their cover sequences provide valuable sedimentary archives, despite their weathered nature and vague paleontological records. ...U–Pb detrital zircon geochronology combined with heavy mineral analysis indicates ‘local’ Alpine aeolian and fluvial sources and ‘distant’ aeolian sources connected to the Bohemian Massif. Records of episodic Paleogene volcanic eruptions related to igneous complexes of the Adamello and probably also the Bergell, Recsk and Balkan Peninsula, are reflected by euhedral zircon crystals. Their U–Pb geochronology supplies age constraints for the phases of subaerial exposure of the karstic surface and the accumulation of bauxitic protoliths and helps to improve the existing stratigraphic records and to define stages of denudation in the northeastern Transdanubian Range. Distinct phases of subaerial exposure and accumulation of the bauxite's protoliths are identified as ca. 42, 35 and 31 Ma; alternating with episodes of subsidence, represented by siliciclastic and carbonatic sequences at ca. 38, 32 and 31 Ma. Besides Paleogene volcanism, zircon dating also revealed contributions from the Middle Triassic tuffs of the Transdanubian Range. Garnet, epidote, kyanite, staurolite, and xenotime/monazite crystals suggest fluvial drainage of diverse metamorphic units of the Austroalpine basement from the Eastern- and Southern Alps, which also supplied most of the pre-Mesozoic zircons. However, the unexpectedly high proportion of Variscan ages in the bauxites most likely relate to igneous rocks of the Bohemian Massif, thus suggesting additional long-distance aeolian sources. The new data allow for detailed reconstructions of the Paleogene evolution and palaeogeography of the northeastern Transdanubian range.
Understanding the interplay of sedimentation and deformation style is essential to develop an adequate model of the evolutionary history of an extensional sedimentary basin. Due to their volume and ...temporal extent, late post-rift deposits are often in the focus of research; however, early post-rift deposits are less studied. The aim of the study is to reconstruct the tectono-sedimentary evolution of a syn-rift to early post-rift succession in the hanging wall of a low-angle detachment zone and to recognize the effects of this deformation style on turbidity current pathways and depocenters. The small Őri sub-basin of the western part of the Miocene Pannonian basin is used as a study area where the oldest early post-rift turbidites of ~15–12.8 Ma occurred. These sediments were deposited in a supradetachment setting, where inherited and actively forming structures controlled the sediment pathways and accommodation of both the distally and locally sourced marine turbidites.
Seismic data, well logs and core information were integrated to identify and analyze unconformities, structural elements, and turbidite deposits. Syn-rift, early post-rift and late post-rift system tracts were identified. The syn-rift/post-rift unconformity is a result of combined eustatic sea level drop and the change in deformation intensity. The main low-angle detachment fault, orthogonal hanging wall transfer faults and related folds together controlled the complex synformal shape of the basin, which was related to major corrugations of the footwall detachment.
Four turbidite phases were distinguished based on upward increasing sand content, areal extent, reservoir quality, and degree of confinement as the turbidity currents reached the basin margins. (1) Small fans deflected by transfer faults developed, followed by (2) an axial turbidite system that reached an anticline and was deflected by it. (3) Lateral confinement by the anticline increased significantly and thick sandstone bodies with abrupt pinch-outs formed, while the influence of smaller faults diminished. (4) The axial turbidite systems covered the basin floor and their interaction with basin margins created continuous sand bodies of confined character. The sand fairways and types of confinement of a supra-detachment basin differ from high-angle normal fault systems. The exhumed metamorphic rocks provided the sediment, and the extension-parallel antiformal and synformal corrugations acted as lateral confinement. The gentle back-tilt of the detachment hanging wall block exerted a frontal confinement for the extensive turbidite system at the distal part of the basin, but the gentle NE-ward dip over the detachment still permitted long run-out distances.
•Combination of eustasy and tectonics leads to syn-rift-early post-rift unconformity.•Corrugation fold of a detachment creates an intricate topography for sediment flows.•Deformation activity decreases during deposition of early post-rift turbidites.•Lateral, frontal confinement of turbidity currents controls reservoirs quality.•Differences between sand fairways in high- and low-angle extensional systems.
Steroid-based histamine H3 receptor antagonists (d-homoazasteroids) were designed by combining distinct structural elements of HTS hit molecules. They were characterized, and several of them ...displayed remarkably high affinity for H3 receptors with antagonist/inverse agonist features. Especially, the 17a-aza-d-homolactam chemotype demonstrated excellent H3R activity together with significant in vivo H3 antagonism. Optimization of the chemotype was initiated with special emphasis on the elimination of the hERG and muscarinic affinity. Additionally, ligand-based SAR considerations and molecular docking studies were performed to predict binding modes of the molecules. The most promising compounds (XXI, XXVIII, and XX) showed practically no muscarinic and hERG affinity. They showed antagonist/inverse agonist property in the in vitro functional tests that was apparent in the rat in vivo dipsogenia test. They were considerably stable in human and rat liver microsomes and provided significant in vivo potency in the place recognition and novel object recognition cognitive paradigms.
The integrated understanding of processes and mechanisms driving the coupled evolution of orogens and sedimentary basins and the underlying lithosphere-mantle system, requires a multi-scale temporal ...and spatial approach that crosses the traditional boundaries of disciplines and methodologies. While analysing the sedimentary infill we need to account for the characteristics and variations of the exhumation, evolving topography and external forcing in the source area, and the complexity of a transport system that is often characterized by a massive unidirectional sediment influx during moments of activity at tipping points or gateways. Such an influx can often span across multiple depocenters and sedimentary basins and is conditioned by an evolving structural geometry that can migrate in time, directly related to the evolving lithospheric structure in orogens that are influenced by their inherited rheology. Depocenters can be fed from multiple directions, while having an endemic or endorheic character during key evolutionary moments. The thermal structure and its variability in continental and oceanic domains conditions the rheology and subsequent structural evolution of the orogens, subduction zones and sedimentary basins, with significant consequences for understanding societally relevant issues. Quantifying basin deposition requires analysing the sediment transport network that can often span multiple interacting orogenic and sedimentary systems, where understanding the allogenic or autogenic nature of sedimentary processes can be significantly enhanced by knowing the inherited and evolving structural and tectonic parameters. Such sedimentary quantification is important for understanding the orogenic structure and the evolution of subduction systems, that include mechanisms such as cycles of burial-exhumation, formation of highly arcuate orogens and timings of nappe stacking events. Deriving processes in orogen - sedimentary basins systems also requires testing process-oriented hypotheses by focused studies in well-known natural laboratories, such as the examples from the Pannonian-Carpathians - Alps - Dinarides system and its analogues used by the numerous contributions in the special Global and Planetary Change issue entitled Understanding the multi-scale and coupled evolution of orogens, sedimentary basins and their underlying lithosphere, whose significance is explained in our review.
•Integrated understanding of processes and mechanisms driving the coupled evolution of orogens and sedimentary basins.•Quantifying deposition requires analysing sediment transport across multiple interacting orogenic and sedimentary basins.•Quantifying sedimentary basins is important for understanding the orogenic structure and the evolution of subduction systems.•Testing process-oriented hypotheses in well-known natural laboratories, such the Pannonian - Carpathians - Alps - Dinarides.
During optimization of a previously identified lead compound, attempts were made to optimize the reactive indole structural element, the suboptimal metabolic stability, as well as the low kinetic ...solubility. It was concluded that the indole was important for in vitro activity. With the aim of further improvements, more thorough modifications were also carried out. As a result, a new chemotype (the azetidinespirochromone family) was identified, which proved to be 1 order of magnitude less lipophilic retaining the same high level of in vitro potency as the lead series itself, however, with improved metabolic stability and kinetic solubility. Compound 53 showed the most balanced physicochemical and pharmacological profile with significant in vivo efficacy in the scopolamine-induced amnesia test. Based on these promising results, cognitive enhancement through the positive modulation of α7 nAChRs appears to be a viable approach. Compound 53 was selected to be a preclinical development candidate (as RGH-560).
is a major pathogen of swine, which can cause severe pleuropneumonia in pigs, but sometimes the disease can be generalized. Diseases caused by
are frequent all over the world, resulting in high ...losses among domestic pigs. However, our knowledge on the occurrence of
in wild boars and feral pigs is limited. We aimed to examine the carriage of
by hunted wild boars. The presence of
was examined in tonsils of 68 hunted wild boars collected at a game processing unit. An in-house designed species-specific PCR test was used to detect the gene of Apx IV toxin, and the samples were inoculated on a modified selective agar.
was detected in 10 animals (14.7%) by PCR and one
serotype 12 strain was isolated. The antibiotic resistance pattern of the strain resembled field strains that were isolated from farmed pigs in Hungary. This is the first case for the detection of
not only using PCR or ELISA, but also its isolation, identification, and serotyping.
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