We use ozone observations from sondes, regular aircraft, and alpine surface sites in a self‐consistent analysis to determine robust changes in the time evolution of ozone over Europe. The data are ...most coherent since 1998, with similar interannual variability and trends. Ozone has decreased slowly since 1998, with an annual mean trend of −0.15 ppb yr−1 at ∼3 km and the largest decrease in summer. There are some substantial differences between the sondes and other data, particularly in the early 1990s. The alpine and aircraft data show that ozone increased from late 1994 until 1998, but the sonde data do not. Time series of differences in ozone between pairs of locations reveal inconsistencies in various data sets. Differences as small as few ppb for 2–3 years lead to different trends for 1995–2008, when all data sets overlap. Sonde data from Hohenpeissenberg and in situ data from nearby Zugspitze show ozone increased by ∼1 ppb yr−1 during 1978–1989. We construct a mean alpine time series using data for Jungfraujoch, Zugspitze, and Sonnblick. Using Zugspitze data for 1978–1989, and the mean time series since 1990, we find that the ozone increased by 6.5–10 ppb in 1978–1989 and 2.5–4.5 ppb in the 1990s and decreased by 4 ppb in the 2000s in summer with no significant changes in other seasons. It is hard to reconcile all these changes with trends in emissions of ozone precursors, and in ozone in the lowermost stratosphere. We recommend data sets that are suitable for evaluation of model hindcasts.
Key Points
Small decrease or zero trend in tropospheric ozone over Europe since late 1990s
Increases in ozone prior to late 1990s, but inconsistencies among data sets
Difficult to reconcile trends before late 1990s with known influences on ozone
Abstract
In this fifth paper of the series, we use the parameterized, spherically symmetric explosion method PUSH to investigate the impact of eight different nuclear equations of state (EOS). We ...present and discuss the explosion properties and the detailed nucleosynthesis yields, and predict the remnant (neutron star or black hole) for all our simulations. For this, we perform two sets of simulations. First, a complete study of nonrotating stars from 11 to 40
M
⊙
at three different metallicities using the SFHo EOS; and, second, a suite of simulations for four progenitors (16
M
⊙
at three metallicities and 25
M
⊙
at solar metallicity) for eight different nuclear EOS. We compare our predicted explosion energies and yields to observed supernovae and to the metal-poor star HD 84937. We find EOS-dependent differences in the explosion properties and the nucleosynthesis yields. However, when comparing to observations, these differences are not large enough to rule out any EOS considered in this work.
We used whole-genome and transcriptome sequencing to identify clinically actionable genomic alterations in young adults with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Molecular characterization of 17 ...patients with PDAC enrolled in a precision oncology program revealed gene fusions amenable to pharmacologic inhibition by small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors in all patients with
wild-type (
) tumors (4 of 17). These alterations included recurrent
rearrangements predicted to drive PDAC development through aberrant ERBB receptor-mediated signaling, and pharmacologic ERBB inhibition resulted in clinical improvement and remission of liver metastases in 2 patients with
-rearranged tumors that had proved resistant to standard treatment. Our findings demonstrate that systematic screening of
tumors for oncogenic fusion genes will substantially improve the therapeutic prospects for a sizeable fraction of patients with PDAC.
Advanced PDAC is a malignancy with few treatment options that lacks molecular mechanism-based therapies. Our study uncovers recurrent gene rearrangements such as
fusions as disease-driving events in
tumors, thereby providing novel insights into oncogenic signaling and new therapeutic options in this entity.
.
We investigate a two player scenario, in which a decision maker locates some facilities in a network, while a second player, called the interdictor, may disrupt the infrastructure by deleting some ...edges in the network in order to worsen the first player's objective value. For the case that the locational decision is assessed with the covering objective function, we show that the problem of the interdictor is NP-complete while the one of the locator is Σ2p-complete. We also present a variant of the problem obtained by changing the order of the players' actions, which is shown to be Σ2p-complete.
Der Arbeitskreis AK 3.3 „Versuchstechnik Fels“ der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geotechnik e. V. erarbeitet Empfehlungen für felsmechanische Labor‐ und Feldversuche sowie Messungen im Gebirge und an ...geotechnischen Bauwerken. Die vorliegende Empfehlung Nr. 22 behandelt die Messung von Druckspannungen im Randbereich von geotechnischen Bauwerken und von Bauteilen mit der Schlitzentlastungs‐ und Kompensationsmethode. Es werden das Messprinzip, die Versuchseinrichtung, die praktische Anwendung am Versuchsort und die Auswertung anhand eines Beispiels erläutert.
Cutting release‐ and compensation‐method to measure compression stresses near the surface of geotechnical structures – Recommendation No. 22 of the Commission on Rock Testing of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Geotechnik e.V.
The Commission on Rock Testing of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Geotechnik e. V. (German Geotechnical Society) is compiling suggestions for rock testing in laboratory and in‐situ and for performing monitoring of rock masses and civil engineering structures. Recommendation No. 22 deals with the measurement of peripheral compression stresses at the surface of geotechnical structures and of structural elements using the cutting release‐ and compensation‐method. The measurement principles, the required equipment, the practical application on site and the evaluation of the obtained data are described and an example is given.
Outcome data about the use of tranexamic acid (TXA) in civilian patients in mature trauma systems are scarce. The aim of this study was to determine how severely injured patients are affected by the ...widespread prehospital use of TXA in Germany.
The international TraumaRegister DGU® was retrospectively analyzed for severely injured patients with risk of bleeding (2015 until 2019) treated with at least one dose of TXA in the prehospital phase (TXA group). These were matched with patients who had not received prehospital TXA (control group), applying propensity score-based matching. Adult patients (≥ 16) admitted to a trauma center in Germany with an Injury Severity Score (ISS) ≥ 9 points were included.
The matching yielded two comparable cohorts (n = 2275 in each group), and the mean ISS was 32.4 ± 14.7 in TXA group vs. 32.0 ± 14.5 in control group (p = 0.378). Around a third in both groups received one dose of TXA after hospital admission. TXA patients were significantly more transfused (p = 0.022), but needed significantly less packed red blood cells (p ≤ 0.001) and fresh frozen plasma (p = 0.023), when transfused. Massive transfusion rate was significantly lower in the TXA group (5.5% versus 7.2%, p = 0.015). Mortality was similar except for early mortality after 6 h (p = 0.004) and 12 h (p = 0.045). Among non-survivors hemorrhage as leading cause of death was less in the TXA group (3.0% vs. 4.3%, p = 0.021). Thromboembolic events were not significantly different between both groups (TXA 6.1%, control 4.9%, p = 0.080).
This is the largest civilian study in which the effect of prehospital TXA use in a mature trauma system has been examined. TXA use in severely injured patients was associated with a significantly lower risk of massive transfusion and lower mortality in the early in-hospital treatment period. Due to repetitive administration, a dose-dependent effect of TXA must be discussed.
By building on foundations from psychology, we aim to enhance academic understanding of the advising process in family businesses. We find evidence, based on rich qualitative data, suggesting that ...trust serves as a key construct in the relationship between family businesses and their advisors. In particular, we empirically show and theorize that trusting relationships evolve via a nonlinear process characterized by a constant interplay between cognitive and—increasingly important—affective assessments of family business trustors. The following types of trust emerge from these internal assessments: an intention to trust, which develops into perceived trust and finally results in behavioral trust.
Exosomes are small membranous vesicles of endocytic origin that are released by almost every cell type. They exert versatile functions in intercellular communication important for many physiological ...and pathological processes. Recently, exosomes attracted interest with regard to their role in cell–cell communication in the nervous system. We have shown that exosomes released from oligodendrocytes upon stimulation with the neurotransmitter glutamate are internalized by neurons and enhance the neuronal stress tolerance. Here, we demonstrate that oligodendroglial exosomes also promote neuronal survival during oxygen–glucose deprivation, a model of cerebral ischaemia. We show the transfer from oligodendrocytes to neurons of superoxide dismutase and catalase, enzymes which are known to help cells to resist oxidative stress. Additionally, we identify various effects of oligodendroglial exosomes on neuronal physiology. Electrophysiological analysis using in vitro multi-electrode arrays revealed an increased firing rate of neurons exposed to oligodendroglial exosomes. Moreover, gene expression analysis and phosphorylation arrays uncovered differentially expressed genes and altered signal transduction pathways in neurons after exosome treatment. Our study thus provides new insight into the broad spectrum of action of oligodendroglial exosomes and their effects on neuronal physiology. The exchange of extracellular vesicles between neural cells may exhibit remarkable potential to impact brain performance.
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