The world's largest observed Slow Slip Events (SSE) occurred in 2001–2002 and 2006 in the Guerrero subduction zone, Mexico. Using an improved GPS processing that accounts for time‐varying atmospheric ...phenomena as well as oceanic, atmospheric and hydrologic loading corrections, the 11 year GPS position time series in Guerrero show a noise reduction of ∼50% with respect to previous studies. Thanks to the improved position time series and, in particular, the simultaneous analysis of the three‐dimensional GPS observations, we can provide new information about SSEs in the studied area. First, we detect seven nonperiodic anomalous displacements with subcentimeter amplitude, but no quasi‐annual anomalies as proposed previously. The displacements seem to occur simultaneously with the observed peaks of non‐volcanic tremor activity in the area. Second, we refine the characteristics of the two major SSEs in terms of timing, duration, and cumulative displacements, and highlight the complex surface spatiotemporal evolution of the displacements during these SSEs. In particular, we observe a clear initiation phase for the 2006 SSE as well as ending phases for both large SSEs. The ending phase shows a strong deceleration of the anomalous displacements with respect to the main displacement phase already observed, for the 2001–2002 and 2006 SSEs. The duration of the SSEs increases by 30–40% including the initiation and ending phases. For the 2006 SSE, the main displacement phase also shows spatiotemporal complexity. Our results demonstrate the need for improved three‐dimensional GPS processing technique in order to undertake detailed studies of SSEs.
Either the triggering of large earthquakes on a fault hosting aseismic slip or the triggering of slow slip events (SSE) by passing seismic waves involve seismological questions with important hazard ...implications. Just a few observations plausibly suggest that such interactions actually happen in nature. In this study we show that three recent devastating earthquakes in Mexico are likely related to SSEs, describing a cascade of events interacting with each other on a regional scale via quasi-static and/or dynamic perturbations across the states of Guerrero and Oaxaca. Such interaction seems to be conditioned by the transient memory of Earth materials subject to the "traumatic" stress produced by seismic waves of the great 2017 (Mw8.2) Tehuantepec earthquake, which strongly disturbed the SSE cycles over a 650 km long segment of the subduction plate interface. Our results imply that seismic hazard in large populated areas is a short-term evolving function of seismotectonic processes that are often observable.
Opinion statement
Anthracyclines have been widely used in children and adults to treat hematologic malignancies, soft-tissue sarcomas, and solid tumors. However, anthracyclines come with both short- ...and long-term cardiotoxic effects, ranging from occult changes in myocardial structure and function to severe cardiomyopathy and heart failure that may result in cardiac transplantation or death. Here, we review the progress made over the past two decades in understanding the molecular and genetic basis of anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity; detecting and monitoring myocardial dysfunction; using adjunct cardioprotectant therapies, such as dexrazoxane; and improving cardioprotection with agents such as liposomal and pegylated doxorubicin. Despite this increased understanding, preventing drug-induced cardiotoxicity while maintaining oncologic efficacy to achieve the highest quality of life over a lifespan remain cornerstones of successful anthracycline chemotherapy during childhood.
The objective of this work was to evaluate the effectiveness of antimicrobial edible coatings to wrap cheeses, throughout 60d of storage, as an alternative to commercial nonedible coatings. Coatings ...were prepared using whey protein isolate, glycerol, guar gum, sunflower oil, and Tween 20 as a base matrix, together with several combinations of antimicrobial compounds—natamycin and lactic acid, natamycin and chitooligosaccharides (COS), and natamycin, lactic acid, and COS. Application of coating on cheese decreased water loss (~10%, wt/wt), hardness, and color change; however, salt and fat contents were not significantly affected. Moreover, the antimicrobial edible coatings did not permit growth of pathogenic or contaminant microorganisms, while allowing regular growth of lactic acid bacteria throughout storage. Commercial nonedible coatings inhibited only yeasts and molds. The antimicrobial edible coating containing natamycin and lactic acid was the best in sensory terms. Because these antimicrobial coatings are manufactured from food-grade materials, they can be consumed as an integral part of cheese, which represents a competitive advantage over nonedible coatings.
Leprosy is a chronic, neglected tropical infectious disease, currently endemic in Formosa, a province in northwestern Argentina. To analyze the performance, distribution, and effectiveness of the ...health system in leprosy diagnosis in Formosa, we estimated the trend of the number of new cases of leprosy diagnosed between 2002 and 2019 and estimated a forecast for 2022 at the primary health care centers (PHCCs) of at the first level of care (1stLC), at district hospitals (DHs) of the second level of care (2ndLC), high-complexity hospitals at the third level of care (3rdLC), and in rural and urban areas. The general trend was calculated based on the new cases detection rate (NCDR) using the autoregressive-moving average model (ARMA). The 1stLC, 2ndLC, and 3rdLC and the rural/urban variables were assessed using a proportional Bayesian trend ARMA (TrARMA) model. A predictive model was used for estimated forecasts. Markov-Monte Carlo chains were applied with A Metropolis-Hastings's algorithm. The highest median proportion (Mp) of new cases of leprosy was diagnosed at the 2ndLC (Mp, 0.67; 97.5% credibility interval CI 0.56-0.77), at the 3rdLC (Mp, 0.11; 97.5% CI 0.08-0.15), and in urban areas (urban median proportion (uMp), 0.86; 97.5% CI 0.83- 0.88), whereas the lowest proportion of new cases was diagnosed at the 1stLC (Mp, 0.082; 97.5% CI 0.061-0.108) and in rural areas (rural median proportion (rMp), 0.13; 97.5% CI 0.11-0.16). Our model predicts for 2022 that a median number of new cases of leprosy of 19.70 will be diagnosed in urban areas (97.5% CI 15.94-23.80), and will continue to be diagnosed at the 2ndLC (median number of cases, 15.33; 97.5% CI 12.40-10.52) and 3rdLC (median number of cases, 2.43; 97.5% CI 1.97-2.94).
Boiling can be inferred from fluid inclusion microthermometry studies when a progressive increase in apparent salinity is observed along with a decrease of homogenization temperature (T
H) and depth, ...thus reflecting the partitioning of non-volatile solutes into the liquid phase during steam loss. We propose a model for fluid evolution during boiling based on mass and heat balance equations, which establishes paths in the T
H-salinity space that can be compared with fluid inclusion data to confirm or discard boiling. Additionally, the model allows calculating paleo-depths, for which the effect of steam bubbles lowering the hydrostatic pressure is taken into account.
The Bolaños Ag–Au–Pb–Zn deposit was selected to test the suitability of the proposed model, given that previous work in this deposit emphasizes the role of boiling in ore deposition. The Bolaños deposit belongs to the low-sulfidation epithermal type and is genetically related to the final stage of formation of a graben-type caldera. Microthermometry data show that the deeper the sample was taken, the higher is T
H and the lower is salinity (sample depths: 540, 500, 440 and 200
m below present surface). The overall range (
n
=
108) of variation of T
H and salinity is of 137°–279
°C and 2.4–10.9
wt.% NaCl eq., respectively. According to our model, rising hydrothermal fluids in Bolaños underwent boiling from depths not exceeding 440
m (below present surface). Conversely, below this level fluid evolution cannot be explained in terms of boiling, because the increase of salinity is much greater than the expected considering solely the amount of steam lost during the corresponding drop of temperature. The calculated paleo-depth for the lowest level of boiling in a Bolaños vein is ~
435
m. Neglecting the drop in fluid density due to steam bubbles may lead to serious underestimations of paleo-depths.
► A model of salinity–temperature evolution allows confirming boiling in vein deposits from fluid inclusion microthermometry data. ► To calculate paleo-depths, the effect of steam bubbles lowering the hydrostatic pressure must be taken into account. ► Neglecting the drop in fluid density due to steam bubbles may lead to serious underestimations of paleo-depth. ► Our model restricted boiling to the shallowest 440
m (below present surface) of a vein from the Bolaños Ag–Au–Pb–Zn epithermal deposit.
Swordfish (Xiphias gladius) is an economically and nutritionally important fish. The aims of this study were to determine the effects of the various steps of the canning process and of different ...filling media (olive oil, corn oil, sunflower oil, and high oleic sunflower oil) on the fat‐ and water‐soluble vitamin contents of swordfish. An HPLC‐based method was used for this purpose. The canning process led to loss of some vitamins, particularly of vitamin D3. Loss of this vitamin mainly occurred during storage and although important (89.34% to 91.36%), canned swordfish can be considered a good source of vitamin D3, providing between 50% and 64% of the RDI. The frying process also caused significant loss of vitamin B9 (73.7%). However, the vitamin E content increased due to contributions from the frying and filling oils. The canned swordfish packed in olive oil had lower vitamin A (107.35 µg/100 g) and E (1.58 mg/100 g) contents than the fish packed in sunflower oil (193.28 µg/100 g and 2.28 mg/100 g, respectively). The swordfish packed in sunflower oil also had the highest B2 (0.036 mg/100 g) content. The swordfish packed in corn oil had the lowest vitamin A (80.17 µg/100 g) and B2 (0.012 mg/100 g) contents, while the samples packed in high oleic sunflower oil had the lowest contents of vitamins B9 (0.14 µg/100 g) and B12 (2.37 mg/100 g).
Practical Application
Swordfish (Xiphias gladius) is consumed worldwide and is economically very important in the seafood industry. The canning process caused losses of some vitamins, particularly of vitamins D3 and B9; however, the vitamin E content increased due to the frying and filling oils. The study findings may contribute to increasing knowledge about how processing, storage and the filling medium influence the composition of canned fish.
The purpose of this study was to assess sedation, emesis and cardiovascular effects of dexmedetomidine alone or combined with acepromazine in healthy cats. Fourteen male cats aged 0.9 ± 0.5 years and ...weighing 3.7 ± 0.7 kg were randomly assigned to one of two experimental groups: GD, dexmedetomidine 5 µg/kg; and GDA, dexmedetomidine 5 µg/kg with acepromazine 0.03 mg/kg, all intramuscularly. Measurements were recorded at baseline, at 20 minutes and then at 10–minute intervals following sedation and included heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (FR), systolic arterial pressure (SAP), rectal temperature (RT), number of episodes of emesis and sedation score (0–4). Data were compared using ANOVA for repeated measures followed by Šídák and Dunnet test. Sedation scores were compared between groups at T20 using Mann-Whitney test. Significance was considered when P <0.05. At T20, HR was significantly lower in GDA (99 ± 14 beats/min) compared with GD (133 ± 19 beats/min) and SAP was significantly lower in both groups compared with baseline (126 ± 14 vs. 148 ± 26 and 111 ± 13 vs. 144 ± 17 mmHg in GD and GDA, respectively). Duration of sedation was similar between groups, although sedation scores differed significantly at T20, with 1 (0–4) in GD and 4 (4–4) in GDA. More episodes of emesis were recorded in GD compared with GDA. The combination of dexmedetomidine and acepromazine produced more profound sedation with faster onset and lower incidence of emesis compared with dexmedetomidine alone in healthy cats.
•The use of acepromazine with dexmedetomidine reduces incidence of emesis in cats.•Onset of sedation is faster when dexmedetomidine is combined with acepromazine.•Addition of acepromazine to dexmedetomidine sedation decreases blood pressure.
Hepcidin regulates iron metabolism. Its synthesis increases in infection and decreases in iron deficiency. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between
infection and iron deficiency ...by levels of hepcidin in children. A total of 350 school-age children participated in this cross-sectional study. Determinations of serum ferritin, hemoglobin, hepcidin, C-reactive protein, and α-1-acid-glycoprotein were done. Active
infection was performed with a
C-urea breath test. In schoolchildren without
infection, hepcidin was lower in those with iron deficiency compared to children with normal iron status (5.5 ng/mL vs. 8.2 ng/mL,
= 0.017); while in schoolchildren with
infection the levels of hepcidin tended to be higher, regardless of the iron nutritional status. Using multivariate analysis, the association between
infection and iron deficiency was different by hepcidin levels. The association between
and iron deficiency was not significant for lower values of hepcidin (Odds Ratio = 0.17; 95% Confidence Interval CI 0.02-1.44), while the same association was significant for higher values of hepcidin (OR = 2.84; CI 95% 1.32-6.09). This joint effect is reflected in the adjusted probabilities for iron deficiency: Individuals with
infection and higher levels of hepcidin had a probability of 0.24 (CI 95% 0.14-0.34) for iron deficiency, and this probability was 0.24 (CI 95% 0.14-0.33) in children without
infection and lower levels of hepcidin. In children with
infection and iron deficiency, the hepcidin synthesis is upregulated. The stimulus to the synthesis of hepcidin due to
infection is greater than the iron deficiency stimulus.
Introduction
Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is currently the most common form of liver disease worldwide affecting all ages and ethnic groups and it has become a consistent threat even in ...young people. Our aim was to estimate the effect of a Low Glycemic Index Mediterranean Diet (LGIMD) on the NAFLD score as measured by a Liver Ultrasonography (LUS).
Design
NUTRIzione in EPAtologia (NUTRIEPA) is a population-based Double-Blind RCT. Data were collected in 2011 and analyzed in 2013-14.
Setting/participants
98 men and women coming from Putignano (Puglia, Southern Italy) were drawn from a previous randomly sampled population-based study and identified as having moderate or severe NAFLD.
Intervention
The intervention strategy was the assignment of a LGIMD or a control diet.
Outcome measures
The main outcome measure was NAFLD score, defined by LUS.
Results
After randomization, 50 subjects were assigned to a LGIMD and 48 to a control diet. The study lasted six months and all participants were subject to monthly controls/checks. Adherence to the LGIMD as measured by Mediterranean Adequacy Index (MAI) showed a median of 10.1. A negative interaction between time and LGIMD on the NAFLD score (-4.14, 95% CI -6.78,-1.49) was observed, and became more evident at the sixth month (-4.43, 95%CI -7.15, -1.71). A positive effect of the interaction among LGIMD, time and age (Third month: 0.07, 95% CI 0.02, 0.12; Sixth month: 0.08, 95% CI 0.03,0.13) was also observed.
Conclusions
LGIMD was found to decrease the NAFLD score in a relatively short time. Encouraging those subjects who do not seek medical attention but still have NAFLD to follow a LGIMD and other life-style interventions, may reduce the degree of severity of the disease. Dietary intervention of this kind, could also form the cornerstone of primary prevention of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease.
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